{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:37:54Z","timestamp":1784090274984,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2221-E-009-045-MY3;110-2622-E-A49 -009 -;110-2321-B- 410 010 -005 -"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2221-E-009-045-MY3;110-2622-E-A49 -009 -;110-2321-B- 410 010 -005 -"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Embodied cognitive attention detection is important for many real-world applications, such as monitoring attention in daily driving and studying. Exploring how the brain and behavior are influenced by visual sensory inputs becomes a major challenge in the real world. The neural activity of embodied mind cognitive states can be understood through simple symbol experimental design. However, searching for a particular target in the real world is more complicated than during a simple symbol experiment in the laboratory setting. Hence, the development of realistic situations for investigating the neural dynamics of subjects during real-world environments is critical. This study designed a novel military-inspired target detection task for investigating the neural activities of performing embodied cognition tasks in the real-world setting. We adopted independent component analysis (ICA) and electroencephalogram (EEG) dipole source localization methods to study the participant\u2019s event-related potentials (ERPs), event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP), and power spectral density (PSD) during the target detection task using a wireless EEG system, which is more convenient for real-life use. Behavioral results showed that the response time in the congruent condition (582 ms) was shorter than those in the incongruent (666 ms) and nontarget (863 ms) conditions. Regarding the EEG observation, we observed N200-P300 wave activation in the middle occipital lobe and P300-N500 wave activation in the right frontal lobe and left motor cortex, which are associated with attention ERPs. Furthermore, delta (1\u20134 Hz) and theta (4\u20137 Hz) band powers in the right frontal lobe, as well as alpha (8\u201312 Hz) and beta (13\u201330 Hz) band powers in the left motor cortex were suppressed, whereas the theta (4\u20137 Hz) band powers in the middle occipital lobe were increased considerably in the attention task. Experimental results showed that the embodied body function influences human mental states and psychological performance under cognition attention tasks. These neural markers will be also feasible to implement in the real-time brain computer interface. Novel findings in this study can be helpful for humans to further understand the interaction between the brain and behavior in multiple target detection conditions in real life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"5213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Neural Dynamics of Target Detection via Wireless EEG in Embodied Cognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Congying","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh Kumar","family":"Chikara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children\u2019s Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Lung","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communications Research Division, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00267","article-title":"Are older adults less embodied? 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