{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:34:57Z","timestamp":1787236497321,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004527","name":"Energimyndigheten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNR:2019-023737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNR:2019-023737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring the indoor environment of historic buildings helps to identify potential risks, provide guidelines for improving regular maintenance, and preserve cultural artifacts. However, most of the existing monitoring systems proposed for historic buildings are not for general digitization purposes that provide data for smart services employing, e.g., artificial intelligence with machine learning. In addition, considering that preserving historic buildings is a long-term process that demands preventive maintenance, a monitoring system requires stable and scalable storage and computing resources. In this paper, a digitalization framework is proposed for smart preservation of historic buildings. A sensing system following the architecture of this framework is implemented by integrating various advanced digitalization techniques, such as Internet of Things, Edge computing, and Cloud computing. The sensing system realizes remote data collection, enables viewing real-time and historical data, and provides the capability for performing real-time analysis to achieve preventive maintenance of historic buildings in future research. Field testing results show that the implemented sensing system has a 2% end-to-end loss rate for collecting data samples and the loss rate can be decreased to 0.3%. The low loss rate indicates that the proposed sensing system has high stability and meets the requirements for long-term monitoring of historic buildings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T21:45:06Z","timestamp":1628113506000},"page":"5266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Sensing System Based on Public Cloud to Monitor Indoor Environment of Historic Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongjun","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-601 74 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5742-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-601 74 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-601 74 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaofang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-601 74 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Camuffo, D. (2019). Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00262-4","article-title":"Indoor air quality at the Correr museum, Venice, Italy","volume":"236","author":"Camuffo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00088-7","article-title":"Environmental monitoring in four European museums","volume":"35","author":"Camuffo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.09.012","article-title":"A methodology for microclimatic quality evaluation in museums: Application to a temporary exhibit","volume":"44","author":"Corgnati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Thomson, G. (2013). The Museum Environment, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1296-2074(02)01171-8","article-title":"The microclimate inside the Pollaiolo and Botticelli rooms in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence","volume":"3","author":"Camuffo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.07.015","article-title":"Indoor microclimate, ozone and nitrogen oxides in two medieval churches in Cyprus","volume":"40","author":"Loupa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8685","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908685","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of fresco paintings in the Cathedral of Valencia (Spain) through humidity and temperature sensors in various locations for preventive conservation","volume":"11","author":"Zarzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7246","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407246","article-title":"Design of a hybrid (wired\/wireless) acquisition data system for monitoring of cultural heritage physical parameters in smart cities","volume":"15","author":"Diego","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2771979","article-title":"Wireless sensor network for distributed environmental monitoring","volume":"67","author":"Lombardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassini, S., Angelini, E., Elsayed, A., Corbellini, S., Lombardo, L., and Parvis, M. (2017, January 22\u201325). Cloud infrastructure for museum environmental monitoring. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2017.7969984"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wireless Remote Monitoring System for Cultural Heritage","volume":"118","author":"Huynh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Huynh, A., Ye, Q.Z., and Gong, S. (2010, January 6\u20139). Remote sensing system for cultural buildings utilizing ZigBee Technology. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies (CCCT 2010), Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.030","article-title":"An energy-efficient internet of things (IoT) architecture for preventive conservation of cultural heritage","volume":"81","author":"Perles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burri, N., Von Rickenbach, P., and Wattenhofer, R. (2007, January 25\u201327). Dozer: Ultra-low power data gathering in sensor networks. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2007.4379705"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2013.2243032","article-title":"Design of a WSN platform for long-term environmental monitoring for IoT applications","volume":"3","author":"Lazarescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, L.J., Bermudez, S.A., Schrott, A.G., Tsukada, M., Dionisi-Vici, P., Kargere, L., Marianno, F., Hamann, H.F., L\u00f3pez, V., and Leona, M. (2017). Wireless sensor platform for cultural heritage monitoring and modeling system. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091998"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3390\/s130302700","article-title":"Software for storage and management of microclimatic data for preventive conservation of cultural heritage","volume":"13","author":"Merello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, J., Kum, S., and Lee, S. (2019). A heterogeneous IoT data analysis framework with collaboration of edge-cloud computing: Focusing on indoor PM10 and PM2. 5 status prediction. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143038"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merello, P., Garc\u00eda-Diego, F.J., Beltr\u00e1n, P., and Scatigno, C. (2018). High frequency data acquisition system for modelling the impact of visitors on the thermo-hygrometric conditions of archaeological sites: A Casa di Diana (Ostia Antica, Italy) case study. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020348"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2186395","article-title":"IMA: An integrated monitoring architecture with sensor networks","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.05.014","article-title":"Smart buildings: A monitoring and data analysis methodological framework","volume":"121","author":"Bolchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akrivopoulos, O., Zhu, N., Amaxilatis, D., Tselios, C., Anagnostopoulos, A., and Chatzigiannakis, I. (2018, January 20\u201324). A fog computing-oriented, highly scalable iot framework for monitoring public educational buildings. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422489"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53839","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2913224","article-title":"A data-centric internet of things framework based on azure cloud","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2004.02.002","article-title":"Indoor environment and conservation in the royal museum of fine arts, Antwerp, Belgium","volume":"5","author":"Gysels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.09.049","article-title":"Cloud based sensor network for environmental monitoring","volume":"118","author":"Corbellini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Cloud Computing Services|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Amazon Web Services (AWS)\u2014Cloud Computing Services. Available online: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Cloud Computing Services|Google Cloud. Available online: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107212","article-title":"Anomaly detection based on machine learning in IoT-based vertical plant wall for indoor climate control","volume":"183","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198","article-title":"Edge computing: Vision and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tse, R., Aguiari, D., Chou, K.S., Tang, S.K., Giusto, D., and Pau, G. (2018, January 28\u201330). Monitoring cultural heritage buildings via low-cost edge computing\/sensing platforms: The Biblioteca Joanina de Coimbra case study. Proceedings of the 4th EAI International Conference on Smart Objects and Technologies for Social Good, Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3284869.3284876"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sands, T. (2021). Virtual Sensoring of Motion Using Pontryagin\u2019s Treatment of Hamiltonian Systems. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134603"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sands, T. (2020). Development of deterministic artificial intelligence for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8080578"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.05.046","article-title":"Using a multi-agent system and artificial intelligence for monitoring and improving the cloud performance and security","volume":"86","author":"Grzonka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Software|Arduino. Available online: https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/en\/software."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Arduino\u2014SoftwareSerial. Available online: https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/en\/Reference\/softwareSerial."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Raspberry Pi OS\u2014Raspberry Pi. Available online: https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/software\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). MobaXterm Free Xserver and Tabbed SSH Client for Windows. Available online: https:\/\/mobaxterm.mobatek.net\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Spidev \u00b7 PyPI. Available online: https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/spidev\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Azure-Iot-Device \u00b7 PyPI. Available online: https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/azure-iot-device\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Home|Remote.it. Available online: https:\/\/remote.it\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). IoT Hub|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/iot-hub\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Event Hubs\u2014Real-Time Data Ingestion|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/event-hubs\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Azure Functions Serverless Compute|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/functions\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). SQL Database\u2014Managed Cloud Database Service|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/products\/azure-sql\/database\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Azure Blob Storage|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/storage\/blobs\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Web App Service|Microsoft Azure. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/app-service\/web\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, June 17). Dash Overview. Available online: https:\/\/plotly.com\/dash\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2010). Conservation of Cultural Property\u2014Specifications for Temperature and Relative Humidity to Limit Climate-Induced Mechanical Damage in Organic Hygroscopic Materials, European Committee for Standardization. Standard."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2021, June 18). Minerva. Available online: https:\/\/historicbuildings.azurewebsites.net\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, June 28). Azure Subscription Limits and Quotas\u2014Azure Resource Manager|Microsoft Docs. Available online: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/azure-resource-manager\/management\/azure-subscription-service-limits#app-service-limits."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5266\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:40:32Z","timestamp":1760164832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]}}}