{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:49:31Z","timestamp":1784828971581,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant for young scientists."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant for young scientists."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004421","name":"Politechnika Warszawska","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIO-TECHMED grant."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIO-TECHMED grant."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001870","name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#POIR.04.04.00-00-5C9B\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#POIR.04.04.00-00-5C9B\/17-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite technological progress, we lack a consensus on the method of conducting automated bowel sound (BS) analysis and, consequently, BS tools have not become available to doctors. We aimed to briefly review the literature on BS recording and analysis, with an emphasis on the broad range of analytical approaches. Scientific journals and conference materials were researched with a specific set of terms (Scopus, MEDLINE, IEEE) to find reports on BS. The research articles identified were analyzed in the context of main research directions at a number of centers globally. Automated BS analysis methods were already well developed by the early 2000s. Accuracy of 90% and higher had been achieved with various analytical approaches, including wavelet transformations, multi-layer perceptrons, independent component analysis and autoregressive-moving-average models. Clinical research on BS has exposed their important potential in the non-invasive diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome, in surgery, and for the investigation of gastrointestinal motility. The most recent advances are linked to the application of artificial intelligence and the development of dedicated BS devices. BS research is technologically mature, but lacks uniform methodology, an international forum for discussion and an open platform for data exchange. A common ground is needed as a starting point. The next key development will be the release of freely available benchmark datasets with labels confirmed by human experts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1628156132000},"page":"5294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Automated Bowel Sound Analysis: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0953-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Krzysztof","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7248-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Division, Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Radzikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Division, Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Grulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Walkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1905.14.4.339","article-title":"Auscultation of the rhythmic sounds produced by the stomach and intestines","volume":"14","author":"Cannon","year":"1905","journal-title":"Am. 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