{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:32:03Z","timestamp":1768685523276,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TiO2 nanoparticles doped with different amounts of Nd3+ (0.5, 1, and 3 wt.%) were synthetized by the sol\u2013gel method, and evaluated as potential temperature nanoprobes using the fluorescence intensity ratio between thermal-sensitive radiative transitions of the Nd3+. XRD characterization identified the anatase phase in all the doped samples. The morphology of the nanoparticles was observed with SEM, TEM and HRTEM microscopies. The relative amount of Nd3+ in TiO2 was obtained by EDXS, and the oxidation state of titanium and neodymium was investigated via XPS and NEXAFS, respectively. Nd3+ was present in all the samples, unlike titanium, where besides Ti4+, a significantly amount of Ti3+ was observed; the relative concentration of Ti3+ increased as the amount of Nd3+ in the TiO2 nanoparticles increased. The photoluminescence of the synthetized nanoparticles was investigated, with excitation wavelengths of 350, 514 and 600 nm. The emission intensity of the broad band that was associated with the presence of defects in the TiO2, increased when the concentration of Nd3+ was increased. Using 600 nm for excitation, the 4F7\/2\u21924I9\/2, 4F5\/2\u21924I9\/2 and 4F3\/2\u21924I9\/2 transitions of Nd3+ ions, centered at 760 nm, 821 nm, and 880 nm, respectively, were observed. Finally, the effect of temperature in the photoluminescence intensity of the synthetized nanoparticles was investigated, with an excitation wavelength of 600 nm. The spectra were collected in the 288\u2013348 K range. For increasing temperatures, the emission intensity of the 4F7\/2\u21924I9\/2 and 4F5\/2\u21924I9\/2 transitions increased significantly, in contrast to the 4F3\/2\u21924I9\/2 transition, in which the intensity emission decreased. The fluorescence intensity ratio between the transitions I821I880=F5\/24I49\/2F43\/2I49\/2 and I760I880=F47\/2I49\/2F43\/2I49\/2 were used to calculate the relative sensitivity of the sensors. The relative sensitivity was near 3% K\u22121 for I760I880 and near 1% K\u22121 for I821I880.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T05:22:01Z","timestamp":1628227321000},"page":"5306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nd3+-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles as Nanothermometer: High Sensitivity in Temperature Evaluation inside Biological Windows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Acosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimie des Interactions Plasma-Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Universit\u00e9 de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed., San Luis Potos\u00ed 78210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3853-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis J.","family":"Borrero-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias F\u00edsicas y Matem\u00e1tica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076, Apartado, Quito 17-01-2184, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1825-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polona","family":"Umek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz A. O.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Guttmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin f\u00fcr Materialien und Energie GmbH, Department X-Ray Microscopy, Wilhelm-Conrad-R\u00f6ntgen Campus, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimie des Interactions Plasma-Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Universit\u00e9 de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1021\/ie303468t","article-title":"Modified TiO2 for environmental photocatalytic applications: A review","volume":"52","author":"Daghrir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. 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