{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:12:16Z","timestamp":1769170336203,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidural analgesia represents a clinical common practice aiming at pain mitigation. This loco-regional technique is widely used in several applications such as labor, surgery and lower back pain. It involves the injections of anesthetics or analgesics into the epidural space (ES). The ES detection is still demanding and is usually performed by the techniques named loss of resistance (LOR). In this study, we propose a novel soft system (SS) based on one fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG) embedded in a soft polymeric matrix for LOR detection during the epidural puncture. The SS was designed to allow instrumenting the syringe\u2019s plunger without relevant modifications of the anesthetist\u2019s sensations during the procedure. After the metrological characterization of the SS, we assessed the capability of this solution in detecting LOR by carrying it out in silico and in clinical settings. For both trials, results revealed the capability of the proposed solutions in detecting the LOR and then in recording the force exerted on the plunger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:35:40Z","timestamp":1628458540000},"page":"5329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Soft System Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Loss of Resistance Detection during Epidural Procedures: In Silico and In Vivo Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"De Tommasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Lo Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Carassiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200103000-00005","article-title":"Pharmacologic Pain Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders: Current Perspectives and Future Prospects","volume":"17","author":"Curatolo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. 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