{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:15:08Z","timestamp":1760235308588,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor localization is one of the most important topics in wireless navigation systems. The large number of applications that rely on indoor positioning makes advancements in this field important. Fingerprinting is a popular technique that is widely adopted and induces many important localization approaches. Recently, fingerprinting based on mobile robots has received increasing attention. This work focuses on presenting a simple, cost-effective and accurate auto-fingerprinting method for an indoor localization system based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and using a two-wheeled robot. With this objective, an assessment of the robot\u2019s navigation is performed in order to investigate its displacement errors and elaborate the required corrections. The latter are integrated in our proposed localization system, which is divided into two stages. From there, the auto-fingerprinting method is implemented while modeling the tag-reader link by the Dual One Slope with Second Order propagation Model (DOSSOM) for environmental calibration, within the offline stage. During the online stage, the robot\u2019s position is estimated by applying DOSSOM followed by multilateration. Experimental localization results show that the proposed method provides a positioning error of 1.22 m at the cumulative distribution function of 90%, while operating with only four RFID active tags and an architecture with reduced complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:35:40Z","timestamp":1628458540000},"page":"5346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Accurate and Low-Complexity Auto-Fingerprinting for Enhanced Reliability of Indoor Localization Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Elias","family":"Hatem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, EFREI Paris, 94800 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Technology, Lebanese University, Aabey 1501, Lebanon"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"Electronics, Communication Systems and Microsystems Laboratory (ESYCOM), Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5857-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (TELMA), Universidad de M\u00e1laga, CEI Andaluc\u00eda TECH, E.T.S. Ingenier\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, EFREI Paris, 94800 Villejuif, France"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Abou-Chakra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, Lebanese University, Aabey 1501, Lebanon"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Laheurte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics, Communication Systems and Microsystems Laboratory (ESYCOM), Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France"}]},{"given":"Bachar","family":"El-Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolomijeca, A., L\u00f3pez-Salcedo, J.A., Lohan, E., and Seco-Granados, G. 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