{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:07:18Z","timestamp":1779358038531,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012130","name":"Aeronautical Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019ZC051009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZC051009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Funds","award":["4204103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4204103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming to improve the positioning accuracy of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm under different scenarios, a two-case navigation scheme is proposed and simulated. First, when the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is available, the inertial navigation system (INS)\/GNSS-integrated system based on the Kalman Filter (KF) plays a key role for each UAV in accurate navigation. Considering that Kalman filter\u2019s process noise covariance matrix Q and observation noise covariance matrix R affect the navigation accuracy, this paper proposes a dynamic adaptive Kalman filter (DAKF) which introduces ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to determine R and adjust Q adaptively, avoiding the degradation and divergence caused by an unknown or inaccurate noise model. Second, a network navigation algorithm (NNA) is employed when GNSS outages happen and the INS\/GNSS-integrated system is not available. Distance information among all UAVs in the swarm is adopted to compensate the INS position errors. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, results showing that DAKF improves the positioning accuracy of a single UAV by 30\u201350%, and NNA increases the positioning accuracy of a swarm by 93%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T09:03:53Z","timestamp":1628499833000},"page":"5374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["UAV Swarm Navigation Using Dynamic Adaptive Kalman Filter and Network Navigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jingjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, XueYuan Road No. 37, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, XueYuan Road No. 37, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, XueYuan Road No. 37, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729881420932717","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881420932717","article-title":"Cooperative navigation of unmanned aerial vehicle swarm based on cooperative dilution of precision","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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