{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:16:12Z","timestamp":1760235372886,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["The Fast-track Research Funding Program."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Fast-track Research Funding Program."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that targets the central nervous system (CNS). Statistics show that more than five million people in America face this disease. Several factors hinder diagnosis at an early stage, in particular, the divergence of 10\u201315 years between the onset of the underlying neuropathological changes and patients becoming symptomatic. This study surveyed patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who were at risk of conversion to AD, with a local\/regional-based computer-aided diagnosis system. The described system allowed for visualization of the disorder\u2019s effect on cerebral cortical regions individually. The CAD system consists of four steps: (1) preprocess the scans and extract the cortex, (2) reconstruct the cortex and extract shape-based features, (3) fuse the extracted features, and (4) perform two levels of diagnosis: cortical region-based followed by global. The experimental results showed an encouraging performance of the proposed system when compared with related work, with a maximum accuracy of 86.30%, specificity 88.33%, and sensitivity 84.88%. Behavioral and cognitive correlations identified brain regions involved in language, executive function\/cognition, and memory in MCI subjects, which regions are also involved in the neuropathology of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T04:56:22Z","timestamp":1628657782000},"page":"5416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Personalized Computer-Aided Diagnosis System for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Using Structural MRI (sMRI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7496-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma El-Zahraa A.","family":"El-Gamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"},{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elmogy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6291-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Switala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Atwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norah Saleh","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory Neal","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Disease and Dementia (2019, January 23). 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