{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:16:38Z","timestamp":1774530998082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone metastases and osteoid osteoma (OO) have a high incidence in patients facing primary lesions in many organs. Radiotherapy has long been the standard choice for these patients, performed as stand-alone or in conjunction with surgery. However, the needs of these patients have never been fully met, especially in the ones with low life expectancy, where treatments devoted to pain reduction are pivotal. New techniques as hyperthermia treatments (HTs) are emerging to reduce the associated pain of bone metastases and OO. Temperature monitoring during HTs may significantly improve the clinical outcomes since the amount of thermal injury depends on the tissue temperature and the exposure time. This is particularly relevant in bone tumors due to the adjacent vulnerable structures (e.g., spinal cord and nerve roots). In this Review, we focus on the potential of temperature monitoring on HT of bone cancer. Preclinical and clinical studies have been proposed and are underway to investigate the use of different thermometric techniques in this scenario. We review these studies, the principle of work of the thermometric techniques used in HTs, their strengths, weaknesses, and pitfalls, as well as the strategies and the potential of improving the HTs outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1628846558000},"page":"5470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Temperature Monitoring in Hyperthermia Treatments of Bone Tumors: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"De Tommasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentations, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentations, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario Francesco","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Carassiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentations, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1991.9.3.509","article-title":"Bone metastases: Pathophysiology and management policy","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2011.02.007","article-title":"Thermal ablation of painful bone metastases","volume":"14","author":"Nazario","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-007-0205-x","article-title":"Bone metastases in breast cancer: Higher prevalence of osteosclerotic lesions","volume":"112","author":"Quattrocchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1406","article-title":"Pathogenesis of osteoblastic bone metastases from prostate cancer","volume":"116","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Interdiscip. Int. J. Am. Cancer Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"455","article-title":"Bone metastases in lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Tsuya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Calcium"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209095","article-title":"Benign bone-forming lesions: Osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma","volume":"22","author":"Greenspan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.11.4.1887121","article-title":"Osteoid osteoma","volume":"11","author":"Kransdorf","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"309","article-title":"The incidence of vertebral body metastases","volume":"19","author":"Gomez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2006.11.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease","volume":"15","author":"Sciubba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2421041404","article-title":"Osteoid osteoma: Percutaneous laser ablation and follow-up in 114 patients","volume":"242","author":"Gangi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2011\/14\/E373","article-title":"Painful Osseous Metastases","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-000-0078-3","article-title":"Malignant bone pain: Pathophysiology and treatments","volume":"4","author":"Ripamonti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2019.1613573","article-title":"Percutaneous minimally invasive thermal ablation for management of osseous metastases: Recent advances","volume":"36","author":"Tomasian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2007.0040","article-title":"The role of radiation treatment in the contemporary management of bone tumors","volume":"5","author":"Hristov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2940","article-title":"Complications of bone metastases: Surgical management","volume":"88","author":"Healey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Interdiscip. Int. J. Am. Cancer Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.34.3897","article-title":"Spinal instability neoplastic score: An analysis of reliability and validity from the spine oncology study group","volume":"29","author":"Fourney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frassica, D.A. (2003). General Principles of External Beam Radiation Therapy for Skeletal Metastases. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 158\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000093057.96273.fb"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101384","article-title":"Critical review and state of the art in interventional oncology: Benign and metastatic disease involving bone","volume":"262","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673422","article-title":"Thermal Ablation of Bone Metastases","volume":"35","author":"Moynagh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100477","article-title":"Thermoablation of Bone Tumors","volume":"Volume 188","author":"Ringe","year":"2016","journal-title":"RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Rontgenstrahlen und der Bildgebenden Verfahren"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.22521","article-title":"Percutaneous Minimally Invasive Thermal Ablation of Osseous Metastases: Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines","volume":"215","author":"Tomasian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Heymann, D. (2021, August 05). Bone Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/patientresources\/patient-resources\/guidelines-for-patients\/guidelines-for-patients-details?patientGuidelineId=51."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.2.1740323","article-title":"Thermal Ablation Therapy for Focal Malignancy","volume":"174","author":"Goldberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.06.008","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of bone tumours","volume":"93","author":"Descat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.03.097","article-title":"Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation of painful metastases involving bone: A multicenter study","volume":"22","author":"Goetz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2005.02.005","article-title":"Radiofrequency and laser ablation of spinal lesions","volume":"26","author":"Gangi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound CT MRI"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07382-8","article-title":"Percutaneous microwave ablation of bone tumors: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Cazzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2012.10.009","article-title":"Treatment of bone metastases with microwave thermal ablation","volume":"24","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10081634","article-title":"Principles of and advances in percutaneous ablation","volume":"258","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2353042205","article-title":"Image-guided tumor ablation: Standardization of terminology and reporting criteria","volume":"235","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ruq.0000237259.25885.72","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound principles, current uses, and potential for the future","volume":"22","author":"Leslie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2491071523","article-title":"Palliative treatment of painful bone metastases with MR imaging\u2013guided focused ultrasound","volume":"249","author":"Gianfelice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13120873","article-title":"Osteoid osteoma: MR-guided focused ultrasound for entirely noninvasive treatment","volume":"267","author":"Napoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-5736-2-16","article-title":"Feasibility of volumetric MRI-guided high intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) for painful bone metastases","volume":"2","author":"Huisman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ther. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2018.1508758","article-title":"Targetability of osteoid osteomas and bone metastases by MR-guided high intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU)","volume":"35","author":"Bing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v38.i1.20","article-title":"Models for thermal damage in tissues: Processes and Applications","volume":"38","author":"Pearce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1779357","article-title":"Heating technology for malignant tumors: A review","volume":"37","author":"Kok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.832411","article-title":"Techniques for temperature monitoring during laser-induced thermotherapy: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Saccomandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1532-1","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors using thermal-dose calculation by MR temperature imaging: Initial results in nine patients, including follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Laumonier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of real-time MR thermal dose mapping for predicting radiofrequency ablation outcome in the myocardium in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Toupin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2014.03.005","article-title":"Long-term oncologic outcomes following radiofrequency ablation with real-time temperature monitoring for T1a renal cell cancer","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Lorber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.5.1751263","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of spinal tumors: Temperature distribution in the spinal canal","volume":"175","author":"Dupuy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2020.100699","article-title":"Vertebral Metastases: Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Thermal Ablation","volume":"23","author":"Tomasian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-103930","article-title":"Radiofrequency Ablation: Temperature Distribution in Adjacent Tissues","volume":"154","author":"Bornemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z. Orthop. Unfall."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2011.02.009","article-title":"Percutaneous thermal ablation: How to protect the surrounding organs","volume":"14","author":"Tsoumakidou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000133507.40193.E4","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation combined with bone cement injection for the treatment of bone malignancies","volume":"15","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-009-9738-9","article-title":"Quality improvement guidelines for bone tumour management","volume":"33","author":"Gangi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-018-2089-7","article-title":"Adjunctive Thermoprotection During Percutaneous Thermal Ablation Procedures: Review of Current Techniques","volume":"42","author":"Garnon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4192","article-title":"Thermal ablation of spinal osteoid osteomas close to neural elements: Technical considerations","volume":"195","author":"Rybak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Transforaminal insertion of a thermocouple on the posterior vertebral wall combined with hydrodissection during lumbar spinal radiofrequency ablation","volume":"40","author":"Lecigne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Figliola, R.S., and Beasley, D.E. (1995). Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"75","article-title":"Preliminary study of the effect of artificial fever upon hopeless tumor cases","volume":"33","author":"Warren","year":"1935","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/02656738609019990","article-title":"The practical use of thermocouples for temperature measurement in clinical hyperthermia","volume":"2","author":"Carnochan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Giurazza, F., Massaroni, C., Fong, Y., Park, J.J., and Saccomandi, P. (2017, January 22\u201325). Thermometry based on computed tomography images during microwave ablation: Trials on ex vivo porcine liver. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2017.7969940"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"A clinical study of thermal monitoring techniques of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk locations","volume":"7","author":"Ping","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00040-2","article-title":"Infrared thermography and thermocouple mapping of radiofrequency renal ablation to assess treatment adequacy and ablation margins","volume":"62","author":"Ogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.12.009","article-title":"A comparison of microwave ablation and bipolar radiofrequency ablation both with an internally cooled probe: Results in ex vivo and in vivo porcine livers","volume":"79","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.02.013","article-title":"Comparison of temperature curve and ablation zone between 915- and 2450-MHz cooled-shaft microwave antenna: Results in ex vivo porcine livers","volume":"81","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900120614","article-title":"Interstitial Nd: YAG laser ablation in normal rabbit liver: Trial to maximize the size of laser-induced lesions","volume":"12","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wren, J., and Loyd, D. (2006). Thermocouples, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471732877.emd246"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1998)23:2<94::AID-LSM7>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"In Situ temperature measurements with thermocouple probes during laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT): Quantification and correction of a measurement artifact","volume":"23","author":"Manns","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.928832","article-title":"Assessment of temperature measurement error and its correction during Nd: YAG laser ablation in porcine pancreas","volume":"30","author":"Schena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/EE.1946.6439939","article-title":"Properties and uses of thermistors\u2014Thermally sensitive resistors","volume":"65","author":"Becker","year":"1946","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1976.1128763","article-title":"A probe for measuring temperature in radiofrequency heated material","volume":"24","author":"Bowman","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Technol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s101030050036","article-title":"Changes in local hepatic blood perfusion during interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy of normal rat liver measured by interstitial laser Doppler flowmetry","volume":"14","author":"Sturesson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.4.712","article-title":"Temperature gradients in pigs during whole-body hyperthermia at 42 degrees C","volume":"47","author":"Dickson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175021","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab9bc2","article-title":"Two high-resolution thermal monitoring sheets for clinical superficial hyperthermia","volume":"65","author":"Bakker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.10.027","article-title":"Laser Treatment (imILT) of Pancreatic Cancer: Safety and Feasibility Results From Two Phase 2a Studies","volume":"259","author":"Paiella","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000096769.74047.5","article-title":"Remote Thermometry to Avoid Complications in Radiofrequency Ablation","volume":"14","author":"Diehn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2423052028","article-title":"Liver cancer: Increased microwave delivery to ablation zone with cooled-shaft antenna\u2014Experimental and clinical studies","volume":"242","author":"Kuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2174\/157341108785914880","article-title":"Fiber Optic Sensors for Biomedical Applications","volume":"4","author":"Baldini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosi, D., Poeggel, S., Iordachita, I., and Schena, E. (2018). Fiber optic sensors for biomedical applications. Opto-Mechanical Fiber Optic Sensors, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803131-5.00011-8"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Tosi, D., Saccomandi, P., Lewis, E., and Kim, T. (2016). Fiber optic sensors for temperature monitoring during thermal treatments: An overview. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071144"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roriz, P., Silva, S., Fraz\u00e3o, O., and Novais, S. (2020). Optical fiber temperature sensors and their biomedical applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072113"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156863","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019138","article-title":"Fiber bragg gratings for medical applications and future challenges: A review","volume":"8","author":"Massaroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massaroni, C., Zaltieri, M., Lo Presti, D., Nicolo, A., Tosi, D., and Schena, E. (2020). Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Cardiorespiratory Monitoring: A Review. IEEE Sens. J., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2988692"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1515\/REVAC.1999.18.4.235","article-title":"Fluorescence-based Thermometry Principles and Applications","volume":"18","author":"Lou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.3.1034","article-title":"Observations on electrode-tissue interface temperature and effect on electrical impedance during radiofrequency ablation of ventricular myocardium","volume":"82","author":"Haines","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1991.tb04111.x","article-title":"Assessment of Effects of a Radiofrequency Energy Field and Thermistor Location in an Electrode Catheter on the Accuracy of Temperature Measurement","volume":"14","author":"Blouin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.5.2390","article-title":"Microwave catheter ablation of myocardium in vitro. Assessment of the characteristics of tissue heating and injury","volume":"89","author":"Whayne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3309439","article-title":"Observation and correction of transient cavitation-induced PRFS thermometry artifacts during radiofrequency ablation, using simultaneous Ultrasound\/MR imaging","volume":"37","author":"Viallon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.214.1.r00ja06290","article-title":"Prostate cancer: MR imaging and thermometry during microwave thermal ablation-initial experience","volume":"214","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.884647","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of tissue temperature during microwave liver ablation","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"204","article-title":"MRI-guided radiofrequency ablation of breast cancer: Preliminary clinical experience","volume":"27","author":"Daniel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.3.000066","article-title":"Narrow-band Bragg reflectors in optical fibers","volume":"3","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1978","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618322","article-title":"Fiber grating spectra","volume":"15","author":"Erdogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5934","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2574959","article-title":"Error of a temperature probe for cancer ablation monitoring caused by respiratory movements: Ex vivo and in vivo analysis","volume":"16","author":"Cavaiola","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13342","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3071842","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Temperature Monitoring During Thermal Ablation Procedure: Experimental Assessment of Artefact Caused by Respiratory Movements","volume":"21","author":"Massaroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.11.117003","article-title":"Temperature profile of ex-vivo organs during radio frequency thermal ablation by fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"21","author":"Palumbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.05.004","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating based temperature profiling in ferromagnetic nanoparticles-enhanced radiofrequency ablation","volume":"43","author":"Jelbuldina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaltieri, M., Allegretti, G., Massaroni, C., Schena, E., and Cauti, F.M. (2020). Fiber bragg grating sensors for millimetric-scale temperature monitoring of cardiac tissue undergoing radiofrequency ablation: A feasibility assessment. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226490"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12039","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1248\/1\/012039","article-title":"Correlation between CT Number shift and tissue temperature change during radiofrequency ablation: An ex-vivo study using bovine liver","volume":"1248","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030624","article-title":"A needlelike probe for temperature monitoring during laser ablation based on fiber Bragg grating: Manufacturing and characterization","volume":"9","author":"Polito","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Devices Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korganbayev, S., Orrico, A., Bianchi, L., De Landro, M., Wolf, A., Dostovalov, A., and Saccomandi, P. (2020). Closed-loop temperature control based on fiber bragg grating sensors for laser ablation of hepatic tissue. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226496"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vita, E., De Landro, M., Massaroni, C., Iadicicco, A., Saccomandi, P., Schena, E., and Campopiano, S. (2020). Fiber optic sensors-based thermal analysis of perfusion-mediated tissue cooling in liver undergoing laser ablation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3004983"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gassino, R., Vallan, A., and Perrone, G. (2018, January 14\u201317). Evaluation of temperature measurement errors due to FBG sensors during laser ablation of Ex-Vivo porcine liver. Proceedings of the I2MTC 2018\u20132018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference: Discovering New Horizons in Instrumentation and Measurement, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2018.8409636"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8005","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2865100","article-title":"Real-Time Temperature Monitoring in Liver during Magnetite Nanoparticle-Enhanced Microwave Ablation with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Ex Vivo Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Jelbuldina","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2015.08.171","article-title":"Temperature monitoring during microwave ablation in ex vivo porcine livers","volume":"41","author":"Saccomandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Villani, S., Massaroni, C., Fong, Y., Saccomandi, P., Diana, M., and Marescaux, J. (2016, January 8\u20139). Three-Dimensional Temperature Map During Microwave Ablation of Ex Vivo Porcine Liver: Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Validation. Proceedings of the 2016 Nanotechnology for Instrumentation and Measurement (NANOfIM), Chemnitz, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/NANOFIM.2016.8521428"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaltieri, M., De Vita, E., De Tommasi, F., Massaroni, C., Faiella, E., Zobel, B.B., Iadicicco, A., Schena, E., Grasso, R.F., and Campopiano, S. (2020, January 29\u201330). Evaluation of the Thermal Response of Liver Tissue Undergoing Microwave Treatment by Means of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Sensors, Taiwan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS47125.2020.9278851"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2019.2932910","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Temperature Monitoring During HIFU Ablation of Ex Vivo Breast Fibroadenoma","volume":"3","author":"Jelbuldina","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1109\/50.580812","article-title":"In-fiber bragg-grating temperature sensor system for medical applications","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.107.042978","article-title":"Principles of CT and CT technology","volume":"35","author":"Goldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Technol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/16\/307","article-title":"Temperature dependence of HU values for various water equivalent phantom materials","volume":"47","author":"Homolka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(81)90558-7","article-title":"Non-invasive temperature mapping by computerized tomography","volume":"7","author":"Zamenhof","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595117","article-title":"Noninvasive thermometry with a clinical x-ray CT scanner","volume":"9","author":"Fallone","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(84)80066-3","article-title":"Isotherm mapping in hyperthermia using subtraction X-ray computed tomography","volume":"2","author":"Bentzen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Massaroni, C., Giurazza, F., Park, J., Park, J., Fong, Y., and Saccomandi, P. (2016). Feasibility Assessment and Analysis of Thermal Sensitivity of CT-Thermometry During Microwave Ablation of Ex Vivo Porcine Kidneys. 2016 Nanotechnology for Instrumentation and Measurement (NANOfIM), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.","DOI":"10.1109\/NANOFIM.2016.8521424"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.05.014","article-title":"Dual energy computed tomography thermometry during hepatic microwave ablation in an ex-vivo porcine model","volume":"31","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saccomandi, P., De Landro, M., Massaroni, C., Fong, Y., Park, J., Park, J., and Schena, E. (2019, January 26\u201328). Temperature map of kidneys undergoing microwave ablation using computed tomography-thermometry: Ex-vivo experiments and numerical simulations. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2019.8802197"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001081","article-title":"Computed tomography thermography for ablation zone prediction in microwave ablation and cryoablation: Advantages and challenges in an ex vivo porcine liver model","volume":"44","author":"Pohlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multivariate Regression Between Hounsfield Unit Shift, Tissue Temperature, and Tissue Contraction: A Feasibility Study of Computed Tomography Thermometry","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2019.1610800","article-title":"Experimental assessment on feasibility of computed tomography-based thermometry for radiofrequency ablation on tissue equivalent polyacrylamide phantom","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.860241","article-title":"Temperature\u2013density hysteresis in X-ray CT during HIFU thermal ablation: Heating and cooling phantom study","volume":"30","author":"Weiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.883466","article-title":"Non-invasive temperature monitoring and hyperthermic injury onset detection using X-ray CT during HIFU thermal treatment in ex vivo fatty tissue","volume":"30","author":"Weiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.922221","article-title":"CT-based thermometry: An overview","volume":"30","author":"Fani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/13\/R06","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging","volume":"51","author":"Wells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730701207842","article-title":"Treatment monitoring and thermometry for therapeutic focused ultrasound","volume":"23","author":"Rivens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/016173467900100103","article-title":"In vivo temperature dependence of ultrasound speed in tissue and its application to noninvasive temperature monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Nasoni","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-019-00407-z","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of ultrasound elastography imaging-based thermometry on non-perfused ex vivo swine liver","volume":"23","author":"Giurazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00519-1","article-title":"Ultrasound monitoring of temperature change during radiofrequency ablation: Preliminary in-vivo results","volume":"28","author":"Varghese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-D., Li, Q., Zhou, Z., Yeah, Y.-W., Chang, C.-C., Lee, C.-Y., and Tsui, P.-H. (2017). Adaptive ultrasound temperature imaging for monitoring radiofrequency ablation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182457"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11515-009-0022-9","article-title":"Ultrasound monitoring of temperature and coagulation change during tumor treatment with microwave ablation","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biol. China"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1009180","article-title":"Thermometry and ablation monitoring with ultrasound","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlaardingerbroek, M.T., and Boer, J.A. (2003). Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Theory and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05252-5"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"525","article-title":"Magnetic resonance temperature imaging for guidance of thermotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Quesson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(97)00311-1","article-title":"Non-invasive temperature mapping using MRI: Comparison of two methods based on chemical shift and T1-relaxation","volume":"16","author":"Bertsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730500133785","article-title":"Magnetic resonance temperature imaging","volume":"21","author":"Quesson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1108462","article-title":"Magnetic resonance thermometry: Methodology, pitfalls and practical solutions","volume":"32","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.1.3380968","article-title":"MR imaging of laser-tissue interactions","volume":"168","author":"Jolesz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.892647","article-title":"Referenceless MR thermometry for monitoring thermal ablation in the prostate","volume":"26","author":"Rieke","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9300-3","article-title":"MRI-guided thermal ablation therapy: Model and parameter estimates to predict cell death from MR thermometry images","volume":"35","author":"Breen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.11.013","article-title":"Feasibility assessment of magnetic resonance-thermometry on pancreas undergoing laser ablation: Sensitivity analysis of three sequences","volume":"80","author":"Saccomandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, C., Kickhefel, A., Mensel, B., Pickartz, T., Puls, R., Roland, J., and Hosten, N. (2013). PRFS-based MR thermometry versus an alternative T1 magnitude method\u2013comparative performance predicting thermally induced necrosis in hepatic tumor ablation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078559"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2008.10.018","article-title":"Laser ablation of liver metastases from colorectal cancer with MR thermometry: 5-year survival","volume":"20","author":"Puls","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2011.02.039","article-title":"3.0 T MR-guided laser ablation of a prostate cancer recurrence in the postsurgical prostate bed","volume":"22","author":"Woodrum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0761-4","article-title":"Real time monitoring of radiofrequency ablation based on MR thermometry and thermal dose in the pig liver in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Seror","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22206","article-title":"Real-time MR thermometry for monitoring HIFU ablations of the liver","volume":"63","author":"Holbrook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-004-0253-9","article-title":"A review of the general aspects of radiofrequency ablation","volume":"30","author":"Ni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"29","article-title":"Ablation of Osteoid Osteomas with a Percutaneously Placed Electrode: A New Procedure","volume":"183","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-005-0318-3","article-title":"Clinical assessment of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for painful metastatic bone tumors","volume":"29","author":"Kojima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.09.016","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation in combination with osteoplasty in the treatment of painful metastatic bone disease","volume":"19","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-004-0208-0","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation therapy combined with cementoplasty for painful bone metastases: Initial experience","volume":"28","author":"Toyota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-010-1010-5","article-title":"Combination radiofrequency ablation and cementoplasty for palliative treatment of painful neoplastic bone metastasis: Experience with 53 treated lesions in 36 patients","volume":"40","author":"Lane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199903000-00019","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma compared with operative treatment","volume":"81","author":"Simon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2241011613","article-title":"Painful metastases involving bone: Feasibility of percutaneous CT-and US-guided radio-frequency ablation","volume":"224","author":"Callstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-003-0478-z","article-title":"Heat distribution and heat transport in bone during radiofrequency catheter ablation","volume":"123","author":"Rachbauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2381041500","article-title":"Osteoid osteoma in an ex vivo animal model: Temperature changes in surrounding soft tissue during CT-guided radiofrequency ablation","volume":"238","author":"Bitsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2472070808","article-title":"Heat distribution in the spinal canal during radiofrequency ablation for vertebral lesions: Study in swine","volume":"247","author":"Adachi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-008-9390-9","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of painful spinal tumors adjacent to the spinal cord with real-time monitoring of spinal canal temperature: A prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2647-7","article-title":"Thermometry during coblation and radiofrequency ablation of vertebral metastases: A cadaver study","volume":"22","author":"Groetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.041","article-title":"Evaluation of a bipolar-cooled radiofrequency device for ablation of bone metastases: Preclinical assessment in porcine vertebrae","volume":"14","author":"Pezeshki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B5.32822","article-title":"The distribution of heat in bone during radiofrequency ablation of an ex vivo bovine model of osteoid osteoma","volume":"96","author":"Greenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-161160","article-title":"Temperature distribution during radiofrequency ablation of spinal metastases in a human cadaver model: Comparison of three electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Bornemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2018.07.001","article-title":"Thermal effect of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation with a clustered electrode for vertebral tumors: In vitro and vivo experiments and clinical application","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.04.012","article-title":"Spinal metastases treated with bipolar radiofrequency ablation with increased (>70 C) target temperature: Pain management and local tumor control","volume":"102","author":"Mayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-021-02771-y","article-title":"Transosseous Temperature Monitoring of the Anterior Epidural Space during Thermal Ablation in the Thoracic Spine","volume":"44","author":"Lecigne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schena, E., Saccomandi, P., and Fong, Y. (2017). Laser ablation for cancer: Past, present and future. J. Funct. Biomater., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb8020019"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Muller, G., and Roggan, A. (1995). Laser-Induced Interstitial Thermotherapy, SPIE Press."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"1955","article-title":"Percutaneous laser photocoagulation of spinal osteoid osteomas under CT guidance","volume":"19","author":"Gangi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2015.09.014","article-title":"The use of image guided laser interstitial thermotherapy to supplement spine stereotactic radiosurgery to manage metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: Proof of concept and dosimetric analysis","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Ghia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Practical Radiation Oncology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318164f472","article-title":"Image-guided laser ablation of osteoid osteoma in pediatric patients","volume":"28","author":"Moser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.07.010","article-title":"Treatment of osteoid osteoma using CT-guided radiofrequency ablation versus MR-guided laser ablation: A cost comparison","volume":"81","author":"Maurer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200210000-00004","article-title":"Laser-Induced Thermotherapy of the Vertebral Body","volume":"37","author":"Binkert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1897-5","article-title":"MR imaging-guided laser ablation of osteoid osteomas with use of optical instrument guidance at 0.23 T","volume":"13","author":"Sequeiros","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-008-9447-9","article-title":"MR-guided laser ablation of osteoid osteoma in an open high-field system (1.0 T)","volume":"32","author":"Streitparth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-010-0977-2","article-title":"Recurrent osteoid osteoma: Interstitial laser ablation under magnetic resonance imaging guidance","volume":"39","author":"Streitparth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.SPINE141185","article-title":"Utilization of laser interstitial thermotherapy guided by real-time thermal MRI as an alternative to separation surgery in the management of spinal metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Tatsui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001444","article-title":"Spinal laser interstitial thermal therapy: A novel alternative to surgery for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression","volume":"79","author":"Tatsui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.25si055501","article-title":"Microwave ablation: Principles and applications","volume":"25","author":"Simon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"218","article-title":"Preliminary report on treatment of bone tumors with microwave-induced hyperthermia","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioelectromagn. J. Bioelectromagn. Soc. Soc. Phys. Regul. Biol. Med. Eur. Bioelectromagn. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"425","article-title":"Surgical treatment of bone tumors in conjunction with microwave-induced hyperthermia and adjuvant immunotherapy. A preliminary report","volume":"109","author":"Fan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2558-5","article-title":"Prospective pilot study of CT-guided microwave ablation in the treatment of osteoid osteomas","volume":"46","author":"Nueffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-015-1151-y","article-title":"Combined microwave ablation and cementoplasty in patients with painful bone metastases at high risk of fracture","volume":"39","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2013.09.009","article-title":"Microwave ablation of osteoid osteomas using dynamic MR imaging for early treatment assessment: Preliminary experience","volume":"25","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4327-1","article-title":"Microwave ablation of osteoid osteoma: Initial experience and efficacy","volume":"49","author":"Rinzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2014.06.007","article-title":"Microwave thermal ablation of spinal metastatic bone tumors","volume":"25","author":"Kastler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3005-8","article-title":"Microwave ablation of malignant extremity bone tumors","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2016.09.030","article-title":"Feasibility of Real-Time Intraprocedural Temperature Control during Bone Metastasis Thermal Microwave Ablation: A Bicentric Retrospective Study","volume":"28","author":"Kastler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vita, E., Zaltieri, M., De Tommasi, F., Massaroni, C., Faiella, E., Zobel, B.B., Iadicicco, A., Schena, E., Grasso, R.F., and Campopiano, S. (2020). Multipoint temperature monitoring of microwave thermal ablation in bones through fiber bragg grating sensor arrays\u2020. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113200"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Tommasi, F., Zaltieri, M., Schena, E., Massaroni, C., Faiella, E., Grasso, R.F., Zobel, B.B., De Vita, E., Iadicicco, A., and Campopiano, S. (2020, January 3). Temperature Monitoring during Microwave Thermal Ablation of Ex Vivo Bovine Bone: A Pilot Test. Proceedings of the MetroInd 4.0 & IoT 2020: 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT48571.2020.9138272"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12849","article-title":"Feasibility of Controlling Metastatic Osseous Pain Using Three Kinds of Image-Guided Procedures for Thermal Microwave Ablation: A Retrospective Study","volume":"13","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22536-4_1","article-title":"HIFU tissue ablation: Concept and devices","volume":"880","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00389-1","article-title":"Pathological changes in human malignant carcinoma treated with high-intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurwitz, M.D., Ghanouni, P., Kanaev, S.V., Iozeffi, D., Gianfelice, D., Fennessy, F.M., Kuten, A., Meyer, J.E., LeBlang, S.D., and Roberts, A. (2014). Magnetic resonance\u2013guided focused ultrasound for patients with painful bone metastases: Phase III trial results. JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 106.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju082"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.018","article-title":"Technique Success, Technique Efficacy and Complications of HIFU Ablation for Palliation of Pain in Patients With Bone Lesions: A Meta-Analysis of 28 Feasibility Studies","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl335","article-title":"MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) for the palliation of pain in patients with bone metastases\u2014Preliminary clinical experience","volume":"18","author":"Catane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0011-2","article-title":"Pain palliation in patients with bone metastases using MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery: A multicenter study","volume":"16","author":"Liberman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24451","article-title":"MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of bone: Evaluation of acute findings with MR and CT imaging in a swine model","volume":"40","author":"Bucknor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00903","article-title":"MR-guided Focused Ultrasound ( MRgFUS ) Ablation for the Treatment of Nonspinal Osteoid Osteoma: A prospective multicenter evaluation","volume":"96","author":"Geiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25492","article-title":"Temperature-dependent MR signals in cortical bone: Potential for monitoring temperature changes during high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment in bone","volume":"74","author":"Ramsay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40349-015-0026-7","article-title":"Quality of MR thermometry during palliative MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) treatment of bone metastases","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ther. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40349-016-0073-8","article-title":"T2-based temperature monitoring in bone marrow for MR-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"4","author":"Ozhinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ther. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.06.046","article-title":"Comparison of noninvasive high-intensity focused ultrasound with radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma","volume":"190","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2094-x","article-title":"Mild hyperthermia by MR-guided focused ultrasound in an ex vivo model of osteolytic bone tumour: Optimization of the spatio-temporal control of the delivered temperature","volume":"17","author":"Guillemin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lena, B., Bartels, L.W., Ferrer, C.J., Moonen, C.T.W., Viergever, M.A., and Bos, C. (2021). Interleaved water and fat MR thermometry for monitoring high intensity focused ultrasound ablation of bone lesions. Magn. Reson. Med., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28877"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3672","article-title":"Thermal ablation of tumours: Biological mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00085","article-title":"Immunotherapy plus cryotherapy: Potential augmented abscopal effect for advanced cancers","volume":"8","author":"Abdo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66934-6","article-title":"Promising abscopal effect of combination therapy with thermal tumour ablation and intratumoural OK-432 injection in the rat osteosarcoma model","volume":"10","author":"Iwai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"773","article-title":"Abscopal effect and interventional oncology: State of art and future perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Fionda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:29Z","timestamp":1760165129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]}}}