{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:19:46Z","timestamp":1773775186387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013297","name":"Eurostars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E! 114232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E! 114232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microwave-based sensing for tissue analysis is recently gaining interest due to advantages such as non-ionizing radiation and non-invasiveness. We have developed a set of transmission sensors for microwave-based real-time sensing to quantify muscle mass and quality. In connection, we verified the sensors by 3D simulations, tested them in a laboratory on a homogeneous three-layer tissue model, and collected pilot clinical data in 20 patients and 25 healthy volunteers. This report focuses on initial sensor designs for the Muscle Analyzer System (MAS), their simulation, laboratory trials and clinical trials followed by developing three new sensors and their performance comparison. In the clinical studies, correlation studies were done to compare MAS performance with other clinical standards, specifically the skeletal muscle index, for muscle mass quantification. The results showed limited signal penetration depth for the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) sensor. New sensors were designed incorporating Substrate Integrated Waveguides (SIW) and a bandstop filter to overcome this problem. The sensors were validated through 3D simulations in which they showed increased penetration depth through tissue when compared to the SRR. The second-generation sensors offer higher penetration depth which will improve clinical data collection and validation. The bandstop filter is fabricated and studied in a group of volunteers, showing more reliable data that warrants further continuation of this development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1629067887000},"page":"5485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["MAS: Standalone Microwave Resonator to Assess Muscle Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8065-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Leanne L. G. C.","family":"Ackermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bappaditya","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio D.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9086-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maud A. M.","family":"Vesseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Meaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6195-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan A.","family":"Ten Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taco J.","family":"Blokhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2016.08.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of sarcopenia","volume":"33","author":"Dhillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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