{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:26:01Z","timestamp":1783614361994,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The substantial advancements offered by the edge computing has indicated serious evolutionary improvements for the internet of things (IoT) technology. The rigid design philosophy of the traditional network architecture limits its scope to meet future demands. However, information centric networking (ICN) is envisioned as a promising architecture to bridge the huge gaps and maintain IoT networks, mostly referred as ICN-IoT. The edge-enabled ICN-IoT architecture always demands efficient in-network caching techniques for supporting better user\u2019s quality of experience (QoE). In this paper, we propose an enhanced ICN-IoT content caching strategy by enabling artificial intelligence (AI)-based collaborative filtering within the edge cloud to support heterogeneous IoT architecture. This collaborative filtering-based content caching strategy would intelligently cache content on edge nodes for traffic management at cloud databases. The evaluations has been conducted to check the performance of the proposed strategy over various benchmark strategies, such as LCE, LCD, CL4M, and ProbCache. The analytical results demonstrate the better performance of our proposed strategy with average gain of 15% for cache hit ratio, 12% reduction in content retrieval delay, and 28% reduced average hop count in comparison to best considered LCD. We believe that the proposed strategy will contribute an effective solution to the related studies in this domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1629067887000},"page":"5491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Edge Caching Based on Collaborative Filtering for Heterogeneous ICN-IoT Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Divya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalli","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Hassan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Corona, CA 13088, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3136-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahil","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fazal","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul University, Wadi Ad-Dwasir 11991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.12.002","article-title":"Enabling IoT platforms for social IoT applications: Vision, feature mapping, and challenges","volume":"92","author":"Afzal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6048-4_29","article-title":"Trust in IoT Systems: A Vision on the Current Issues, Challenges, and Recommended Solutions","volume":"1188","author":"Aldowah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Smart Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100318","article-title":"Big data and IoT-based applications in smart environments: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Hajjaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800235","article-title":"Smart-Edge-CoCaCo: AI-enabled smart edge with joint computation, caching, and communication in heterogeneous IoT","volume":"33","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forestiero, A., Mastroianni, C., Papuzzo, G., and Spezzano, G. (2010, January 17\u201320). A proximity-based self-organizing framework for service composition and discovery. Proceedings of the 2010 10th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2010.48"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800221","article-title":"Optimal edge resource allocation in IoT-based smart cities","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700105","article-title":"Computing, caching, and communication at the edge: The cornerstone for building a versatile 5G ecosystem","volume":"55","author":"Markakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naveen, S., and Kounte, M.R. (2019, January 12\u201314). Key technologies and challenges in IoT edge computing. Proceedings of the 2019 Third International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SMAC47947.2019.9032541"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164229","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945338","article-title":"Understanding edge computing: Engineering evolution with artificial intelligence","volume":"7","author":"Huh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2873343","article-title":"Recent advances in information-centric networking-based Internet of Things (ICN-IoT)","volume":"6","author":"Arshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.04.040","article-title":"A Fog caching scheme enabled by ICN for IoT environments","volume":"111","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.27","article-title":"Mobility-aware application scheduling in fog computing","volume":"4","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Wu, J., Li, G., Li, J., Li, Q., and Wang, S. (2017, January 14\u201317). Toward mobility support for information-centric IoV in smart city using fog computing. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), Oshawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEGE.2017.8052825"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800137","article-title":"Adaptive edge-centric cloud content placement for responsive smart cities","volume":"33","author":"Sinky","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2784433","article-title":"Responsive content-centric delivery in large urban communication networks: A LinkNYC use-case","volume":"17","author":"Sinky","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108100","article-title":"Base Station switching and edge caching optimisation in high energy-efficiency wireless access network","volume":"192","author":"Vallero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, Y., Gao, S., Liu, N., Pan, Z., and You, X. (2017, January 11\u201313). Clustered small base stations for cache-enabled wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2017 9th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171105"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Tang, Q., Liu, Z., Dong, B., and Wei, Z. (2018, January 16\u201317). A recommender system for ordering platform based on an improved collaborative filtering algorithm. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALIP.2018.8455852"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.2964552","article-title":"Personalized recommendation system based on collaborative filtering for IoT scenarios","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2958696","article-title":"Trust-enhanced collaborative filtering for personalized point of interests recommendation","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, F., Ai, Z.Y., Li, J.J., Pau, G., Collotta, M., You, I., and Zhang, H.K. (2017). Smart collaborative caching for information-centric IoT in fog computing. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112512"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccelli, E., Mehlis, C., Hahm, O., Schmidt, T.C., and W\u00e4hlisch, M. (2014, January 24\u201326). Information centric networking in the IoT: Experiments with NDN in the wild. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2660129.2660144"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"JSM, L.M., Lokesh, V., and Polyzos, G.C. (2016, January 26\u201328). Energy efficient context based forwarding strategy in named data networking of things. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, S.K., and Bonnet, C. (2016, January 11\u201314). Interworking of NDN with IoT architecture elements: Challenges and solutions. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 5th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCE.2016.7800509"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siris, V.A., Thomas, Y., and Polyzos, G.C. (2016, January 21\u201323). Supporting the IoT over integrated satellite-terrestrial networks using information-centric networking. Proceedings of the 2016 8th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), Larnaca, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2016.7792479"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hahm, O., Adjih, C., Baccelli, E., Schmidt, T., and W\u00e4hlisch, M. (2021, July 21). Time Slotted Channel Hopping and Information-Centric Networking for IoT. Available online: https:\/\/reposit.haw-hamburg.de\/handle\/20.500.12738\/4227."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dong, L., and Wang, G. (2016, January 21\u201323). Support context-aware IoT content request in Information Centric networks. Proceedings of the 2016 25th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC), Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quevedo, J., Corujo, D., and Aguiar, R. (2014, January 8\u201312). A case for ICN usage in IoT environments. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037227"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, V., Smetters, D.K., Thornton, J.D., Plass, M.F., Briggs, N.H., and Braynard, R.L. (2009, January 1\u20134). Networking named content. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1658939.1658941"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2005.05.003","article-title":"The LCD interconnection of LRU caches and its analysis","volume":"63","author":"Laoutaris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psaras, I., Chai, W.K., and Pavlou, G. (2012, January 17). Probabilistic in-network caching for information-centric networks. Proceedings of the Second Edition of the ICN Workshop on Information-Centric Networking, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342488.2342501"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., Lee, M., Park, K., Kwon, T.T., Choi, Y., and Pack, S. (2012, January 25\u201330). WAVE: Popularity-based and collaborative in-network caching for content-oriented networks. Proceedings of the 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM Workshops, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2012.6193512"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wu, H., Liu, B., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., and Dong, L. (2012, January 29\u201330). Popularity-driven coordinated caching in named data networking. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2396556.2396561"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, J., Qi, W., Westphal, C., Wang, J., Lu, K., Liu, S., and Wang, S. (May, January 27). Magic: A distributed max-gain in-network caching strategy in information-centric networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2014.6849277"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2994181","article-title":"Smart proactive caching: Empower the video delivery for autonomous vehicles in ICN-based networks","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khelifi, H., Luo, S., Nour, B., Sellami, A., Moungla, H., and Na\u00eft-Abdesselam, F. (2018, January 9\u201313). An optimized proactive caching scheme based on mobility prediction for vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647898"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2015.0034","article-title":"Theoretical modelling of fog computing: A green computing paradigm to support IoT applications","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yannuzzi, M., Milito, R., Serral-Graci\u00e0, R., Montero, D., and Nemirovsky, M. (2014, January 1\u20133). Key ingredients in an IoT recipe: Fog Computing, Cloud computing, and more Fog Computing. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2014.7033259"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Kim, D., Ha, D., Rajput, U., and Oh, H. (October, January 30). On security and privacy issues of fog computing supported Internet of Things environment. Proceedings of the 2015 6th International Conference on the Network of the Future (NOF), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOF.2015.7333287"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2485206","article-title":"Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salman, O., Elhajj, I., Kayssi, A., and Chehab, A. (2015, January 14\u201316). Edge computing enabling the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389122"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazam, M., and Huh, E.N. (2015, January 24\u201327). Fog computing micro datacenter based dynamic resource estimation and pricing model for IoT. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Gwangju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2015.254"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abedin, S.F., Alam, M.G.R., Tran, N.H., and Hong, C.S. (2015, January 19\u201321). A Fog based system model for cooperative IoT node pairing using matching theory. Proceedings of the 2015 17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/APNOMS.2015.7275445"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazam, M., and Huh, E.N. (2014, January 27\u201329). Fog computing and smart gateway based communication for cloud of things. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.83"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markakis, E., Negru, D., Bruneau-Queyreix, J., Pallis, E., Mastorakis, G., and Mavromoustakis, C.X. (2016). A p2p home-box overlay for efficient content distribution. Emerging Innovations in Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-9941-0.ch009"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2878435","article-title":"Joint optimization of caching, computing, and radio resources for fog-enabled IoT using natural actor\u2013critic deep reinforcement learning","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Chen, X., and Zhou, Z. (2019, January 7\u201310). F3C: Fog-enabled Joint Computation, Communication and Caching Resource Sharing for Energy-Efficient IoT Data Stream Processing. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00105"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3026322","article-title":"Smart Cluster-based Distributed Caching for Fog-IoT Networks","volume":"8","author":"Abkenar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2806971","article-title":"Content-aware proactive caching for backhaul offloading in cellular network","volume":"17","author":"Doan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78260","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2884913","article-title":"DeepMEC: Mobile edge caching using deep learning","volume":"6","author":"Thar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Ren, P., and Du, Q. (2018). Learning-to-rank based strategy for caching in wireless small cell networks. International Conference on Internet of Things as a Service, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14657-3_12"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u015ftu\u011f, E., Bennis, M., and Debbah, M. (2016). Proactive caching in 5G small cell networks. Towards 5G: Applications, Requirements and Candidate Technologies, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118979846.ch6"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6871674","article-title":"Living on the edge: The role of proactive caching in 5G wireless networks","volume":"52","author":"Bastug","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1700317","article-title":"Learn to cache: Machine learning for network edge caching in the big data era","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2679198","article-title":"Edge caching at base stations with device-to-device offloading","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, H., Yan, S., and Peng, M. (2019, January 22\u201325). A deep reinforcement learning based content caching and mode selection for slice instances in fog radio access networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2019.8891508"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97505","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927836","article-title":"Deep Q-learning-based content caching with update strategy for fog radio access networks","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.02.042","article-title":"Privacy-preserving federated k-means for proactive caching in next generation cellular networks","volume":"521","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.06.039","article-title":"Recovering the number of clusters in data sets with noise features using feature rescaling factors","volume":"324","author":"Hennig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thinsungnoena, T., Kaoungkub, N., Durongdumronchaib, P., Kerdprasopb, K., and Kerdprasopb, N. (2015). The clustering validity with silhouette and sum of squared errors. Learning, 3.","DOI":"10.12792\/iciae2015.012"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102467","article-title":"Optimal caching policy for wireless content delivery in D2D networks","volume":"150","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:24Z","timestamp":1760165184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]}}}