{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:11:18Z","timestamp":1781194278904,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B111109002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B111109002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing amounts of terminal equipment with higher requirements of communication quality in the emerging fifth generation mobile communication network (5G), the energy consumption of 5G base stations (BSs) is increasing significantly, which not only raises the operating expenses of telecom operators but also imposes a burden on the environment. To solve this problem, a two-step energy management method that coordinates 5G macro BSs for 5G networks with user clustering is proposed. The coordination among the communication equipment and the standard equipment in 5G macro BSs is developed to reduce both the energy consumption and the electricity costs. A novel user clustering method is proposed together with Benders decomposition to accelerate the solving process. Simulation results show that the proposed method is computationally efficient and can ensure near-optimal performance, effectively reducing the energy consumption and electricity costs compared with the conventional dispatching scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:28:04Z","timestamp":1629149284000},"page":"5501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Coordination of Macro Base Stations for 5G Network with User Clustering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1617-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0404-1","article-title":"Energy-efficient 5G for a greener future","volume":"3","author":"Shuangfeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Research on energy saving technology of 5G base station","volume":"5","author":"Ting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radio Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Huawei (2021, May 20). Green 5G: Building a Sustainable World. Available online: https:\/\/www.huawei.com\/en\/public-policy\/green-5g-building-a-sustainable-world."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2017.2664018","article-title":"Amping up the PA for 5G: Efficient GaN power amplifiers with dynamic supplies","volume":"18","author":"Popovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, J., Watanabe, N., and Grebennikov, A. (2018, January 14\u201317). High-power high-efficiency broadband GaN HEMT Doherty amplifiers for base station applications. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Topical Conference on RF\/Microwave Power Amplifiers for Radio and Wireless Applications (PAWR), Garden Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PAWR.2018.8310055"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sheikh Nijam, A., Pawan, A., Joe, B., Srinivasan, G., Luke, R., and Deukhyoun, H. (2018, January 11\u201315). A 28GHz 41%-PAE linear CMOS power amplifier using a transformer-based AM-PM distortion-correction technique for 5G phased arrays. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference-(ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2020.2988270","article-title":"Modeling and Analysis of Energy Harvesting and Smart Grid-Powered Wireless Communication Networks: A Contemporary Survey","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102910","article-title":"Renewable energy powered sustainable 5G network infrastructure: Opportunities, challenges and perspectives","volume":"175","author":"Israr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berzi, L., Cultrera, V., Delogu, M., Dolfi, M., Locorotondo, E., Del Pero, F., Morosi, S., Pugi, L., and Tanturli, A. (2020, January 9\u201312). A model for system integration of second life battery, renewable energy generation and mobile network station. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC\/ICPSEurope49358.2020.9160747"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37077","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975293","article-title":"Energy Sharing-Based Energy and User Joint Allocation Method in Heterogeneous Network","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2017.2778051","article-title":"Cost-aware renewable energy management with application in cellular networks","volume":"2","author":"Leithon","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2020.3006984","article-title":"Dynamic Var Reserve-Constrained Coordinated Scheduling of LCC-HVDC Receiving-End System Considering Contingencies and Wind Uncertainties","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113784","article-title":"Data-adaptive robust unit commitment in the hybrid AC\/DC power system","volume":"254","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Continuous-Time Modeling Based Robust Unit Commitment Considering beyond-the-Resolution Wind Power Uncertainty","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. China Electrotech. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2355255","article-title":"Cloud RAN for Mobile Networks\u2014A Technology Overview","volume":"17","author":"Checko","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"19","article-title":"Software energy-saving technology for 5G-NR base station","volume":"25","author":"Jun","year":"2019","journal-title":"ZTE Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2659720","article-title":"Energy efficiency optimization in 3-D small cell networks-based sleep strategy","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7958","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2799603","article-title":"Self-Adaptive Scheduling of Base Transceiver Stations in Green 5G Networks","volume":"6","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.07.002","article-title":"A survey on green communication and security challenges in 5G wireless communication networks","volume":"96","author":"Gandotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, M.S.K., and Yue, W. (2007, January 16\u201320). Optimality and feasibility of equal power allocation of IDMA systems. Proceedings of the 2007 5th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks and Workshops, Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIOPT.2007.4480060"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W. (February, January 29). Multiuser water-filling in the presence of crosstalk. Proceedings of the 2007 Information Theory and Applications Workshop, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITA.2007.4357612"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evangelinakis, D.I., Sidiropoulos, N.D., and Swami, A. (2010, January 20\u201323). Joint admission and power control using branch & bound and gradual admissions. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 11th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2010.5670899"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.361602","article-title":"Energy-efficient resource allocation in wireless networks","volume":"24","author":"Meshkati","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Signal. Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2881314","article-title":"Joint energy efficient subchannel and power optimization for a downlink NOMA heterogeneous network","volume":"68","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5621970","article-title":"Cell zooming for cost-efficient green cellular networks","volume":"48","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1818-9","article-title":"5G-ZOOM-Game: Small cell zooming using weighted majority cooperative game for energy efficient 5G mobile network","volume":"26","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2749058","article-title":"Adaptive Cell Zooming and Sleeping for Green Heterogeneous Ultradense Networks","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2773633","article-title":"5G D2D Networks: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Prospects","volume":"12","author":"Ansari","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2369612","article-title":"Power Control for D2D Underlaid Cellular Networks: Modeling, Algorithms, and Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2330661","article-title":"Multiobjective Signal Processing Optimization: The way to balance conflicting metrics in 5G systems","volume":"31","author":"Jorswieck","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piunti, P., Cavdar, C., Morosi, S., Teka, K.E., Del Re, E., and Zander, J. (2015, January 8\u201312). Energy efficient adaptive cellular network configuration with QoS guarantee. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248300"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2403395","article-title":"Energy-efficient base-stations sleep-mode techniques in green cellular networks: A survey","volume":"17","author":"Jingjin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating the Dispatchable Capacity of Base Station Backup Batteries in Distribution Networks","volume":"PP","author":"Yong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.6056691","article-title":"How much energy is needed to run a wireless network?","volume":"18","author":"Auer","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.12.005","article-title":"The Benders decomposition algorithm: A literature review","volume":"259","author":"Rahmaniani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5501\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:42Z","timestamp":1760165202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165501","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]}}}