{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T03:14:15Z","timestamp":1786245255468,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, an analytical procedure for the preliminary design of shape memory alloy spring-based actuators is investigated. Two static analytical models are considered and interconnected in the frame of the proposed procedure. The first model, based on the works from An, is able to determine the material properties of the SMA components by means of experimental test data and is able to size the SMA component based on the requirements of the system. The second model, based on a work from Spaggiari, helps to design and size an antagonist spring system that allows one to obtain the geometric characteristics of springs (SMA and bias) and the mechanical characteristics of the entire actuator. The combined use of these models allows one to define and size a complex SMA actuator based on the actuation load requirements. To validate the design procedure, static experimental tests have been performed with the entire SMA actuator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:28:04Z","timestamp":1629149284000},"page":"5506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of a Combined Micro-Macro Mechanics Analytical Approach to Design Shape Memory Alloy Spring-Based Actuators and Its Experimental Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7426-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniello","family":"Riccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81031 Aversa, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81031 Aversa, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7766-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sellitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81031 Aversa, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Acanfora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81031 Aversa, CE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5018-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Zarrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), 80055 Portici, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.11.084","article-title":"A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities","volume":"56","author":"Leary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. 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