{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:39:39Z","timestamp":1770226779013,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OIA-1757207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA-1757207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the biggest challenges associated with vibration energy harvesters is their limited bandwidth, which reduces their effectiveness when utilized for Internet of Things applications. This paper presents a novel method of increasing the bandwidth of a cantilever beam by using an embedded transverse out-of-plane movable mass, which continuously changes the resonant frequency due to mass change and non-linear dynamic impact forces. The concept was investigated through experimentation of a movable mass, in the form of a solid sphere, that was embedded within a stationary proof mass with hollow cylindrical chambers. As the cantilever oscillated, it caused the movable mass to move out-of-plane, thus effectively altering the overall effective mass of the system during operation. This concept combined high bandwidth non-linear dynamics from the movable mass with the high power linear dynamics from the stationary proof mass. This paper experimentally investigated the frequency and power effects of acceleration, the amount of movable mass, the density of the mass, and the size of the movable mass. The results demonstrated that the bandwidth can be significantly increased from 1.5 Hz to &gt;40 Hz with a transverse movable mass, while maintaining high power output. Dense movable masses are better for high acceleration, low frequency applications, whereas lower density masses are better for low acceleration applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T21:17:06Z","timestamp":1629235026000},"page":"5517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Wide Bandwidth Vibration Energy Harvester with Embedded Transverse Movable Mass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7741-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for High Technology Materials and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for High Technology Materials and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for High Technology Materials and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.02.028","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical studies on MEMS piezoelectric energy harvesters with mass loading","volume":"178","author":"Andosca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/3\/R01","article-title":"A review of power harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003\u20132006)","volume":"16","author":"Anton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elfrink, R., Matova, S., Nooijer, C., Jambunathan, M., Goedbloed, M., Molengraft, J., Vullers, R., Renaud, M., and Van Schaijk, R. (2011, January 5\u20137). Shock induced energy harvesting with a MEMS harvester for automotive applications. Proceedings of the 2011 International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2011.6131639"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-013-2006-6","article-title":"Evaluation of low-acceleration MEMS piezoelectric energy harvesting devices","volume":"20","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055017","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/18\/5\/055017","article-title":"The design fabrication and evaluation of a MEMS PZT cantilever with an integrated Si proof mass for vibration energy harvesting","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-016-3224-5","article-title":"A low frequency piezoelectric energy harvester with trapezoidal cantilever beam: Theory and experiment","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.080601","article-title":"Nonlinear energy harvesting","volume":"2012","author":"Cottone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3629551","article-title":"Ultra-wide bandwidth piezoelectric energy harvesting","volume":"99","author":"Hajati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065006","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/21\/6\/065006","article-title":"Demonstration of wide bandwidth energy harvesting from vibrations","volume":"21","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/10\/102001","article-title":"Experimental Duffing oscillator for broadband piezoelectric energy harvesting","volume":"20","author":"Sebald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035005","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/21\/3\/035005","article-title":"Investigation of a MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester system with a frequency-widened-bandwidth mechanism introduced by mechanical stoppers","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2017.2731400","article-title":"Evalulation of vibrational PiezoMEMS harvester that scavenges energy from a magnetic field surronding an AC current-carrying wire","volume":"26","author":"Olszewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.12.042","article-title":"An impact-based broadband aeroelastic energy harvester for concurrent wind and base vibration energy harvesting","volume":"212","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015035","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/01\/015035","article-title":"A vibration energy harvesting device with bidirectional resonance frequency tunability","volume":"17","author":"Challa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, N. (2020). PiezoMEMS Nonlinear Low Acceleration Energy Harvester with an Embedded Permanent Magnet. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11050500"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2016.12.032","article-title":"A hybrid nonlinear vibration energy harvester","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X12444940","article-title":"Bistable vibration energy harvesters: A review","volume":"24","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37292","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37292","article-title":"Influence of combined fundamental potentials in a nonlinear vibration energy harvester","volume":"6","author":"Podder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025022","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab62e1","article-title":"Scavenging vibrational energy with a novel bistable electromagnetic energy harvester","volume":"29","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105008","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/10\/105008","article-title":"A piezoelectric device for impact energy harvesting","volume":"20","author":"Jacquelin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.01.076","article-title":"Impact-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvester","volume":"214","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-04756-2","article-title":"Tuning and widening the bandwidth of vibration energy harvesters using a ferrofluid embedded mass","volume":"26","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04321-6","article-title":"Multi-band piezoelectric vibration energy harvester for low-frequency applications","volume":"25","author":"Chandwani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab859f","article-title":"Study on cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester with tunable function","volume":"29","author":"Lihua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porcar-Climent, A., and Jackson, N. (2019, January 2\u20136). Rolling mass for wide bandwidth vibration energy harvesting. Proceedings of the 2019 19th International Conference on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PowerMEMS49317.2019.51289500364"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-018-3846-x","article-title":"Wideband auto-tunable vibration energy harvester using change in centre of gravity","volume":"24","author":"Somkuwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.10.010","article-title":"Sloshing liquid-metal mass for widening the bandwidth of a vibration energy harvester","volume":"284","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.04.063","article-title":"Widening the bandwidth of vibration energy harvesters using a liquid-based non-uniform load distribution","volume":"246","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.627","article-title":"Broadening the bandwidth of piezoelectric energy harvesters using liquid-filled mass","volume":"120","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5089289","article-title":"A multi-frequency piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with liquid filled container as the proof mass","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-04999-z","article-title":"Bandwidth widening of piezoelectric energy harvester by free moving cylinders in liquid medium","volume":"27","author":"Somkuwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2016.2574958","article-title":"Integration of thick-film permanent magnets for MEMS applications","volume":"25","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.08.005","article-title":"Shock-induced aluminum nitride based MEMS energy harvester to power a leadless pacemaker","volume":"264","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38798","article-title":"A piezoelectric micro generator worked at low frequency and high acceleration based on PZT and phosphor bronze bonding","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3153712","article-title":"Formulas for natural frequency and mode shape","volume":"47","author":"Blevins","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085024","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aad013","article-title":"Tuning MEMS cantilever devices using photoresponsive polymers","volume":"28","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Rodriguez, L., and Jackson, N. (2020, January 16\u201319). Wide Bandwidth Piezoelectric Energy Harvester with Transverse Movable Mass. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2020), Portlad, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094005","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/19\/9\/094005","article-title":"Vibration energy harvesting with aluminum nitride-based piezoelectric devices","volume":"19","author":"Elfrink","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X12436739","article-title":"Microscale electrostatic energy harvester using internal impacts","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115021","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/18\/11\/115021","article-title":"A wideband vibration-based energy harvester","volume":"18","author":"Soliman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2009.2039017","article-title":"Nonlinear behavior of an electrostatic energy harvester under wide-and narrowband excitation","volume":"19","author":"Tvedt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:25Z","timestamp":1760165125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]}}}