{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T01:46:55Z","timestamp":1778118415966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1006613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1006613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["16.16.120.773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.120.773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, in-vitro studies of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) hyperthermia have attracted significant attention because of the severity of this cancer therapy for in-vivo culture. Accurate temperature evaluation is one of the key challenges of MNP hyperthermia. Hence, numerical studies play a crucial role in evaluating the thermal behavior of ferrofluids. As a result, the optimum therapeutic conditions can be achieved. The presented research work aims to develop a comprehensive numerical model that directly correlates the MNP hyperthermia parameters to the thermal response of the in-vitro model using optimization through linear response theory (LRT). For that purpose, the ferrofluid solution is evaluated based on various parameters, and the temperature distribution of the system is estimated in space and time. Consequently, the optimum conditions for the ferrofluid preparation are estimated based on experimental and mathematical findings. The reliability of the presented model is evaluated via the correlation analysis between magnetic and calorimetric methods for the specific loss power (SLP) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) calculations. Besides, the presented numerical model is verified with our experimental setup. In summary, the proposed model offers a novel approach to investigate the thermal diffusion of a non-adiabatic ferrofluid sample intended for MNP hyperthermia in cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T22:51:00Z","timestamp":1629327060000},"page":"5545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Numerical Investigation of Ferrofluid Preparation during In-Vitro Culture of Cancer Therapy for Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Izaz","family":"Raouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Gas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7057-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12982","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02338","article-title":"Critical parameters to improve pancreatic cancer treatment using magnetic hyperthermia: Field conditions, immune response, and particle biodistribution","volume":"13","author":"Beola","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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