{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1771038036428,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0503605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019B02514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B02514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8172046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8172046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009148","name":"Queen Mary University of London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009148","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to quantitatively model rather than to presuppose whether or not air pollution in Beijing (China) affects people\u2019s activities of daily living (ADLs) based on an Internet of Behaviours (IoB), in which IoT sensor data can signal environmental events that can change human behaviour on mass. Peoples\u2019 density distribution computed by call detail records (CDRs) and air quality data are used to build a fixed effect model (FEM) to analyse the influence of air pollution on four types of ADLs. The following four effects are discovered: Air pollution negatively impacts people going sightseeing in the afternoon; has a positive impact on people staying-in, in the morning and the middle of the day. Air pollution lowers people\u2019s desire to go to restaurants for lunch, but far less so in the evening. As air quality worsens, people tend to decrease their walking and cycling and tend to travel more by bus or subway. We also find a monotonically decreasing nonlinear relationship between air quality index and the average CDR-based distance for each person of two citizen groups that go walking or cycling. Our key and novel contributions are that we first define IoB as a ubiquitous concept. Based on this, we propose a methodology to better understand the link between bad air pollution events and citizens\u2019 activities of daily life. We applied this methodology in the first comprehensive study that provides quantitative evidence of the actual effect, not the presumed effect, that air pollution can significantly affect a wide range of citizens\u2019 activities of daily living.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T22:51:00Z","timestamp":1629327060000},"page":"5569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Using an Internet of Behaviours to Study How Air Pollution Can Affect People\u2019s Activities of Daily Living: A Case Study of Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IoT Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Poslad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IoT Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211000, China"}]},{"given":"Guangxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IoT Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}]},{"given":"Yonglei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IoT Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Runkui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.164","article-title":"Identifying factors influencing demolition waste generation in Hong Kong","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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