{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:50:42Z","timestamp":1779155442480,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The provision of high data rate services to mobile users combined with improved quality of experience (i.e., zero latency multimedia content) drives technological evolution towards the design and implementation of fifth generation (5G) broadband wireless networks. To this end, a dynamic network design approach is adopted whereby network topology is configured according to service demands. In parallel, many private companies are interested in developing their own 5G networks, also referred to as non-public networks (NPNs), since this deployment is expected to leverage holistic production monitoring and support critical applications. In this context, this paper introduces a 5G NPN architectural approach, supporting among others various key enabling technologies, such as cell densification, disaggregated RAN with open interfaces, edge computing, and AI\/ML-based network optimization. In the same framework, potential applications of our proposed approach in real world scenarios (e.g., support of mission critical services and computer vision analytics for emergencies) are described. Finally, scalability issues are also highlighted since a deployment framework of our architectural design in an additional real-world scenario related to Industry 4.0 (smart manufacturing) is also analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"5578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A Cost-Efficient 5G Non-Public Network Architectural Approach: Key Concepts and Enablers, Building Blocks and Potential Use Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5146-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Trakadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 34400 Psachna, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lambros","family":"Sarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 34400 Psachna, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8602-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Giannopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechniou Str., 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Spantideas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechniou Str., 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Capsalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechniou Str., 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Gkonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 34400 Psachna, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4971-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karkazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Rigazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Department, i2CAT Foundation, Gran Capit\u00e0 2-4 Edifici Nexus I 2\u00aa Planta, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3546-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos","family":"Antonopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Department, NearbyComputing S.L., Travessera de Gr\u00e0cia 18, 3r, 3a, 08021 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta Amor","family":"Cambeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Department, Nemergent Solutions SL, Ribera de Axpe, 6, 48950 Erandio, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Gonzalez-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Department, Atos, Calle Albarracin 25, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Department, Ubiwhere, Tv. do Sr. das Barrocas 38, 3800-075 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","article-title":"What Will 5G Be?","volume":"32","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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