{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:16:45Z","timestamp":1766067405449,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Funds of China","award":["No: U2031125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No: U2031125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid improvement accuracy of the atomic frequency standard puts forward higher requirements for the measurement resolution of the atomic frequency standard comparison system. To overcome the defect that the single zero-crossing point detection is sensitive to noise in the traditional dual mixer time difference measurement method, a digital frequency measurement method is proposed. This method combines sinusoidal beat technology, multi-channel synchronous acquisition technology, and digital frequency measurement technology, and uses differential compensation of system error to realize the precision measurement of atomic frequency standard. The frequency measurement accuracy is less than 2.5 \u00d7 10\u221214 and the noise floor is better than 6.5 \u00d7 10\u221215\/\u03c4 = 1 s. The system has a high frequency measurement accuracy and a low noise floor, which can realize the precise measurement of a highly stable frequency source.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1629673167000},"page":"5626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-Resolution Multi-Channel Frequency Standard Comparator Using Digital Frequency Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanrong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2007.905130","article-title":"Atomic Clocks and Oscillators for Deep-Space Navigation and Radio Science","volume":"95","author":"Prestage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6727(84)90004-1","article-title":"The design of atomic frequency standards and their performance in specific applications","volume":"8","author":"Stein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1109\/58.764861","article-title":"Environmental factors and hydrogen maser frequency stability","volume":"46","author":"Parker","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Shuzhou, L.I., Wang, M., and Xiao, S. (2017). Frequency Stability of Hydrogen Maser Affected by Environment Temperature. Mod. Navig., 118\u2013121."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9","article-title":"Systematic effects analysis of affecting hydrogen maser long-term frequency stability","volume":"28","author":"Zhai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Metrol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Bai, L., Su, X., Yu, J., Ma, J., and Yu, G. (2014, January 19\u201322). The high stability of device resolution based precise phase difference measurement. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (FCS), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FCS.2014.6859878"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/28\/1\/012002","article-title":"Optical frequency standards for time and length applications","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cermak, J., Kuna, A., Sojdr, L., and Salzenstein, P. (June, January 29). Short-Term Frequency Stability Measurement of BVA Oscillators. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 21st European Frequency and Time Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/FREQ.2007.4319278"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.0941","article-title":"Frequency stability measurements of ultrastable BVA resonators and oscillators","volume":"46","author":"Salzenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"TimeTech GmbH (2006). Phase Comparator 6 Channels, 100 MHz with 5\/10 MHz Option, TimeTech GmbH Corporation."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Greenhall, C.A., Kirk, A., and Stevens, G.L. (2001, January 27\u201329). A multichannel dual-mixer stability analayzer: Progress report. Proceedings of the 33th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Greenhall, C.A., Kirk, A., and Tjoelker, R.L. (2007). Frequency standards stability analyzer for the deep space network. Interplanet. Netw. Prog. Rep., 42\u2013169. Available online: https:\/\/ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov\/progress_report\/42-169\/169B.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4950898","article-title":"Oscillator metrology with software defined radio","volume":"87","author":"Sherman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Microsemi High-Performance Extend-Range Phase Noise and Allan Deviation Test Set, Microsemi Corporation."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"VREMYA-CH (2018). PHASE COMPARATOR-ANALYZER VCH-323 Operational Manual, VREMYA-CH Joint Stock Company."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1963","article-title":"Multi-channel frequency measurement system based on digital signal processing","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, F., Imae, M., Hanado, Y., and Aida, M. (July, January 27). Development of Multi Channel Dual Mixier Time Difference System. Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPEM.2004.305548"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.895588","article-title":"Frequency-stability measurement system using high-speed adcs and digital signal processing","volume":"56","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ecja.10097","article-title":"Frequency stability measuring technique using digital signal processing","volume":"87","author":"Uchino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electron. Commun. Jpn. Part I Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"42","article-title":"Common-Source Phase Error of a Dual-Mixer Stability Analyzer","volume":"42","author":"Greenhall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Interplanet. Netw. Prog. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"648","article-title":"Influence of noise of common oscillator in dual-mixer time-difference measurement system","volume":"4","year":"1986","journal-title":"Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sojdr, L., Cermak, J., and Barillet, R. (2004). Optimization of Dual-Mixer Time-Difference Multiplier, Frequency & Time Forum, Eftf European IET.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20040934"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, X.H., Wang, D.N., Wang, W.L., and Li, J.X. (2008, January 19\u201321). Analysis and comparison of performance of frequency standard measurement systems based on beat-frequency method. Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:48:08Z","timestamp":1760165288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165626","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]}}}