{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T11:48:11Z","timestamp":1780141691007,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by SUT Research and Development Funds and by Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI)","award":["Thailand Science Research and Innovation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Thailand Science Research and Innovation"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.","award":["Deanship of Scientific Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Deanship of Scientific Research"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) antenna tracking system is an electromechanical component designed to track and steer the signal beams from the ground control station (GCS) to the airborne platform for optimum signal alignment. In a tracking system, an antenna continuously tracks a moving target and records their position. A UAV tracking antenna system is susceptible to signal loss if omnidirectional antenna is deployed as the preferred design. Therefore, to achieve longer UAV distance communication, there is a need for directional high gain antenna. From design principle, directional antennas are known to focus their signal energy in a particular direction viewed from their radiation pattern which is concentrated in a particular azimuth direction. Unfortunately, a directional antenna is limited by angle, thus, it must always be directed to the target. The other limitation of a UAV mechanical beam steering system is that the system is expensive to maintain and with low reliability. To solve this problem, we are proposing the use of MIMO technology as a readily available technology for UAV beyond line of sight technology. Although UAV antenna tracking is domiciled in the mechanical beam steering arrangement, this study shows that this native technology could be usurped by MIMO beam forming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1629714257000},"page":"5662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Recent Advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Antenna: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anabi Hilary","family":"Kelechi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Air Engineering, AirForce Institute of Technology, Kaduna 800282, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damilare Abdulbasit","family":"Oluwole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Air Engineering, AirForce Institute of Technology, Kaduna 800282, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Achimugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing, AirForce Institute of Technology, Kaduna 800282, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osichinaka","family":"Ubadike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Air Engineering, AirForce Institute of Technology, Kaduna 800282, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamel","family":"Nebhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 151, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4427-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atayero","family":"Aaron-Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peerapong","family":"Uthansakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Telecommunication Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghamry, K.A., Kamel, M.A., and Zhang, Y. (2017, January 13\u201316). Multiple UAVs in forest fire fighting mission using particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991527"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherstjuk, V., Zharikova, M., and Sokol, I. (2018, January 24\u201326). Forest fire-fighting monitoring system based on UAV team and remote sensing. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), Kyiv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/ELNANO.2018.8477527"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5321","article-title":"Field evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer: Effect of spray volume on deposition and the control of pests and disease in wheat","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.105045","article-title":"Droplet deposition density of organic liquid fertilizer at low altitude UAV aerial spraying in rice cultivation","volume":"167","author":"Kharim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55817","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2912306","article-title":"Lsar: Multi-uav collaboration for search and rescue missions","volume":"7","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1238852","article-title":"Multipurpose UAV for search and rescue operations in mountain avalanche events","volume":"8","author":"Silvagni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2017.11","article-title":"Help from the sky: Leveraging UAVs for disaster management","volume":"16","author":"Erdelj","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1800160","article-title":"UAV-assisted emergency networks in disasters","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3044490","article-title":"Energy-Aware Stochastic UAV-Assisted Surveillance","volume":"20","author":"Hosseinalipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700442","article-title":"Key technologies and system trade-offs for detection and localization of amateur drones","volume":"56","author":"Azari","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., and He, Y. (2019, January 9\u201311). Analysis and Simulation of Multipath Effect in High Precision Satellite Communication Based on Ray-Tracing Approach. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electronics and Communication Engineering (ICECE), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECE48499.2019.9058560"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gawronski, W. (2021, August 16). Control and Pointing Challenges of the NASA Deep Space Network Antennas, Available online: trs.jpl.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Global Market Insight, Inc. (2021). Commercial Drone Market Growth\u2014Industry Analysis Report 2024, Global Market Insights Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-UAV-commercial-drone-market."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2015853","article-title":"Geometry and weight optimization for minimizing sidelobes in wideband planar arrays","volume":"57","author":"Bevelacqua","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2971520","article-title":"Energy-efficient and secure air-to-ground communication with jittering UAV","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"280","article-title":"Improvement of Step Tracking Algorithm Used for Mobile Receiver System via Satellite","volume":"5","author":"Truong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Chi, X., Luo, W., Ding, Y., and Huo, L. (2011). Design of Control System for UAV Airborne Zoom Lens. Video Eng., 5, Available online: https:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTotal-DSSS201105015.htm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-S., Park, H.-B., Jung, G.-Y., and Yu, K.-H. (2013, January 10\u201313). Design of virtual flight system for evaluation of solar powered UAV. Proceedings of the IECON 2013\u201439th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2013.6699685"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107553","article-title":"Artificial intelligence based power consumption estimation of two-phase brushless DC motor according to FEA parametric simulation","volume":"155","author":"Sabanci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarhan, A.A., and Hafez, A. (2019, January 7\u201311). Uav brushless dc motor speed control via adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (anfis) and self-adaptive pid. Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2019-1563"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, C., McCain, C., Bertels, J., Weekley, S., Moody, K.J., Utley, L., Copher, G., Totty, C., Booth, T., and Spaulding, L. (2021, January 11\u201315). Design of a Geared Turbofan Module for Small, Unmanned Aircraft Applications. Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-0262"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new electric magnetic-geared machine for electric unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"105","article-title":"Brushless DC motor control on arduino platform","volume":"94","author":"Mach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prz. Elektrotech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkerdany, M.S., Safwat, I.M., Yossef, A.M.M., and Elkhatib, M.M. (2020, January 7\u20139). A Comparative Study on Using Brushless DC Motor Six-Switch and Four-Switch Inverter for UAV Propulsion System. Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEENG), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEENG45378.2020.9171757"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1017\/wpt.2020.11","article-title":"A low-power prototype of contactless field power controlled BLAC and BLDC motors","volume":"7","author":"Soni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Power Transf."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"481","article-title":"Self-learning step track system to point an antenna at a geostationary satellite using a PC","volume":"7","author":"Holleboom","year":"1987","journal-title":"Wirel. Power Transf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2229306","article-title":"Low-cost antenna attitude estimation by fusing inertial sensing and two-antenna GPS for vehicle-mounted satcom-on-the-move","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0959","article-title":"Steerable miniaturised printed quadrifilar helical array antenna using digital phase shifters for BGAN\/GPS applications","volume":"12","author":"Kazemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiezzi, F., Padilla, J., and Vigano, C. (2012, January 5\u20137). S-band transmit\/receive antenna with electronically switched beams for mobile satellite systems. Proceedings of the 2012 6th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference (ASMS) and 12th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop (SPSC), Vigo, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASMS-SPSC.2012.6333107"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148485","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946960","article-title":"Nonlinearity-based single-channel monopulse tracking method for OFDM-aided UAV A2G communications","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.14203\/j.mev.2018.v9.32-40","article-title":"Design, manufacture and performance analysis of an automatic antenna tracker for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)","volume":"9","author":"Nugroho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mechatron. Electr. Power Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D. (2000). Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051, Newnes.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075064640-6\/50003-4"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"145","article-title":"An overview of microcontroller unit: From proper selection to specific application","volume":"2","author":"Parai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng. (IJSCE)"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"56","article-title":"Fill your Boots: Enhanced Embedded Bootloader Exploits via Fault Injection and Binary Analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Oswald","year":"2021","journal-title":"IACR Trans. Cryptogr. Hardw. Embed. Syst. (TCHES)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A., and Bagherwal, R. (2017, January 3\u20135). Design and implementation of a smart solid waste monitoring and collection system based on Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2017 8th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2017.8204165"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/74.920018","article-title":"Antenna control systems: From PI to H\/sub\/spl infin","volume":"43","author":"Gawronski","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, B.S., Raj, D.V., and Praveena, S. (2020). Performance of BLDC Motor for Enhancing the Response of Antenna\u2019s Positioner Using PI Controller. Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3172-9_18"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"83","article-title":"Antenna Control System Using Step Tracking Algorithm with H\u221e Controller","volume":"1","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Control Autom. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2016.04.012","article-title":"Overview on the development and applications of antenna control systems","volume":"41","author":"Mulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"12","article-title":"Performance analysis of PID and LQG control algorithms for Antenna Position Control system","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"i-Manag. J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759312","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2759312","article-title":"Modified Crossed-Wire Antennas Radiating a Circularly Polarized Conical Beam","volume":"2020","author":"Hirose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.3673","article-title":"Experimental verification and analysis of analytical model of the shape of bond wire antennas","volume":"53","author":"Ndip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Patra, K., Chatterjee, S., Gupta, B., and Bandyopadhyay, A.K. (2020). Theoretical Investigations on CPW-Fed Single and Dual-Polarized Slot Radiators Using Schelkunoff\u2019s Biconical Antenna Analysis. Radioengineering, 29.","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2020.0305"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3103\/S0735272720120018","article-title":"Ultrawideband microwave biconical high-gain antenna for dual-band systems of omnidirectional radio monitoring","volume":"63","author":"Dubrovka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radioelectron. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.895568","article-title":"Left-handed dipole antennas and their implementations","volume":"55","author":"Iizuka","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2758399","article-title":"Coaxially fed monopole antenna with choke structure using left-handed transmission line","volume":"65","author":"Fukushima","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-021-00784-9","article-title":"Impedance-Matching Technique for an Infrared Folded Dipole Antenna","volume":"42","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer, A., and Das, S. (2021). Design of a Highly Miniaturized, Inherently Matched, Spherical Folded Dipole Antenna and Evaluation of its Quality Factor. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.13523825.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC20120602","article-title":"Miniature Folded Dipole in Rotational Symmetry for Metal Tag Design","volume":"110","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. C"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29392","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3059700","article-title":"Theoretical Modeling and Analysis of Circularly Polarized Annular Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Travelling-Wave Structure","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14694","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.422984","article-title":"Dielectric travelling wave antennas for directional light emission","volume":"29","author":"Leuteritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3078226","article-title":"Development of a millimeter-long Travelling wave THz photomixer","volume":"39","author":"Bavedila","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kraus, J.D., Marhefka, R.J., and Khan, A.S. (2006). Antennas and Wave Propagation, Tata McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Tooley, M., and Wyatt, D. (2017). Aircraft Communications and Navigation Systems, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Oldenburg, B. (2021, August 16). The Yagi\u2013Uda Antenna: An Illustrated Primer. Available online: https:\/\/duo.com\/labs\/tech-notes\/the-yagi-uda-antenna-an-illustrated-primer."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"6200","article-title":"A quarter-wave Y-shaped patch antenna with two unequal arms for wideband Ultra High Frequency Radio-frequency identification (UHF RFID) operations","volume":"6","author":"Anabi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valipour, M., Sadeghikia, F., Horestani, A.K., and Himdi, M. (2020, January 15\u201320). Beamwidth Control of a Helical Antenna Using Truncated Conical Plasma Reflectors. Proceedings of the 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP48036.2020.9135712"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3031473","article-title":"3D Beam Steering End-Fire Helical Antenna with Beamwidth Control Using Plasma Reflectors","volume":"69","author":"Sadeghikia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Gibilisco, S. (2021, August 16). What Is a Helical Antenna?. Available online: http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Ham-Shortwave-Radio-Electronics-Hobbyist\/dp\/0071832912\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2021, August 16). Available online: https:\/\/www.rfwireless-world.com\/calculators\/Bowtie-Antenna-Calculator.html."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2020.2979053","article-title":"A New Corner-Reflector Antenna With Tunable Gain Based on Active Frequency Selective Surfaces","volume":"1","author":"Elzwawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1049\/mia2.12067","article-title":"Corner reflector tag with RCS frequency coding by dielectric resonators","volume":"15","author":"Abuelhaija","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamedes, D.F., Neto, A.G., and Bornemann, J. (2020, January 5\u201310). Reconfigurable Corner Reflector Using PIN-Diode-Switched Frequency Selective Surfaces. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF35879.2020.9329791"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, T., and Lee, K. (1982). Theory of corner-reflector antenna with tilted dipole. IEE Proceedings H (Microwaves, Optics and Antennas), IET Digital Library.","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-h-1.1982.0003"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugama, C., and Chandrasekar, V. (2019, January 23\u201324). Innovative approach to achieve tri-band capabilities by parabolic antenna stacking. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 40th Sarnoff Symposium, Newark, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/Sarnoff47838.2019.9067813"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.03.006","article-title":"Investigations on the suitability of PEEK material under space environment conditions and its application in a parabolic space antenna","volume":"63","author":"Kalra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022020","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/450\/2\/022020","article-title":"On the efficiency of defocusing a large satellite multi-beam hybrid parabolic antenna","volume":"450","author":"Choni","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2786295","article-title":"Wideband reflector-backed folded bowtie antenna for ground penetrating radar","volume":"66","author":"Serhir","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21476","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21476","article-title":"High-gain bow-tie antenna using array of two-sided planar metamaterial loading for H-band applications","volume":"28","author":"Dadgarpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2016.0611","article-title":"Compact log-periodic dipole array antenna with bandwidth-enhancement techniques for the low frequency band","volume":"11","author":"Kyei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2652125","article-title":"Design of a compact log-periodic dipole array using T-shaped top loadings","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"4213","article-title":"Wind-proof log periodic dipole array for capturing solar radio bursts","volume":"2","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2851381","article-title":"Decoupling of inverted-F antennas with high-order modes of ground plane for 5G mobile MIMO platform","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoaib, M.M., and Abrar, S. (2020, January 26\u201328). Planar Inverted-F Antennas for Mobile Devices: An Empirical Study of the Resonant Frequency. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Texas Symposium on Wireless and Microwave Circuits and Systems (WMCS), Waco, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMCS49442.2020.9172273"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22150","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22150","article-title":"Dual band frequency tunable planar inverted-F antenna for mobile handheld devices","volume":"30","author":"Ganesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45774","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977167","article-title":"A survey of performance enhancement techniques of antipodal Vivaldi antenna","volume":"8","author":"Dixit","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, A.S., Kumar, S., Urooj, S., and Malibari, A. (2021). A Highly Compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Array for 5G Millimeter Wave Applications. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072360"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, A.S., and Kumar, S. (2020, January 27\u201328). A miniaturized antipodal Vivaldi antenna for 5G communication applications. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIN48934.2020.9071075"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.2977503","article-title":"Miniaturized Ultrawideband Half-Mode Vivaldi Antenna Based on Mirror Image Theory","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22570","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22570","article-title":"Design of high gain Vivaldi antenna with a compound optical lens inspired by metamaterials","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916176","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/916176","article-title":"Antipodal Vivaldi antenna for water pipe sensor and telemetry","volume":"2012","author":"Ruvio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1966.4988","article-title":"Optimization of directivity and signal-to-noise ratio of an arbitrary antenna array","volume":"54","author":"Lo","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Performance assessment of antenna array for an unmanned air vehicle","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1109\/5.119572","article-title":"Basic array theory","volume":"80","author":"Kummer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"42","article-title":"A design of software driver for a satellite dish antenna positioning system","volume":"5","author":"Alhasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. Eng. (IOSRJEN)"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"99","article-title":"Design and comparative study among antennas of GCS for telemetry communication system of UAV","volume":"3","author":"Iswandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJITEE (Int. J. Inf. Technol. Electr. Eng.)"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Ultra-compact ultra-wideband radar for high-speed target tracking","volume":"5","author":"Fusselman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radar Sens. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, W., and Chen, M. (2018, January 5\u20138). A Low-Profile Broadband Circularly Polarized Antenna Array for UAV Ground-to-Air Communication. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCAP.2018.8538164"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganti, S.R., and Kim, Y. (2015, January 13\u201315). Design of low-cost on-board auto-tracking antenna for small UAS. Proceedings of the 2015 12th International Conference on Information Technology-New Generations, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNG.2015.50"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, M., Yu, H., McLain, T., and Beard, R. (2010, January 6\u201310). Moving ground target tracking in urban terrain using air\/ground vehicles. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Globecom Workshops, Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2010.5700254"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, C., Fu, L., Luo, X., and Chen, M. (2019, January 26\u201328). A brief overview of waveforms for UAV air-to-ground communication systems. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Vision, Image and Signal Processing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3387168.3387203"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Enami, R., Wensowitch, J., and Camp, J. (2018, January 15\u201318). Measurement-based characterization of LOS and NLOS drone-to-ground channels. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377104"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"5523553","article-title":"RSSI-controlled long-range communication in secured IoT-enabled unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"2021","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Gustafsson, J. (2005). UAV Tracking Device Using 2.4 GHz Video Transmitter. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Lulea University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-014-0751-7","article-title":"On kalman filter for linear system with colored measurement noise","volume":"88","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2388153","article-title":"A Kalman filter-based framework for enhanced sensor fusion","volume":"15","author":"Assa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5668","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2008.927072","article-title":"On the relative and absolute positioning errors in self-localization systems","volume":"56","author":"Ash","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3021561","article-title":"Cooperative navigation of UAVs in GNSS-denied area with colored RSSI measurements","volume":"21","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"45","article-title":"Analysis of colored noise and its effect on BER performance of wireless communication","volume":"12","author":"Soni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2684741","article-title":"Robust differential received signal strength-based localization","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875428","article-title":"RSSI-based heading control for robust long-range aerial communication in UAV networks","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, F., Ristic, B., and Musicki, D. (2007, January 9\u201312). Recursive estimation of emitter location using TDOA measurements from two UAVs. Proceedings of the 2007 10th International Conference on Information Fusion, Quebec, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2007.4408174"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2018). Comparison of Time-Difference-of-Arrival and Angle-of-Arrival Methods of Signal Geolocation, ITU. Report ITU-R SM.2211-2."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Bai, P., Liang, X., Zhang, J., and He, L. (2017, January 10\u201313). Performance analysis for TDOA localization using UAVs with flight disturbances. Proceedings of the 2017 20th International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICIF.2017.8009702"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalaf-Allah, M. (2020). Particle filtering for three-dimensional TDoA-based positioning using four anchor nodes. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164516"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadil, N., Russameesawang, A., and Keeratiwintakorn, P. (2008, January 14\u201317). Real-time tracking management system using GPS, GPRS and Google earth. Proceedings of the 2008 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Krabi, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICON.2008.4600454"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7763\/IJMLC.2011.V1.67","article-title":"A Gaussian firefly algorithm","volume":"1","author":"Farahani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changoluisa, I., Barzallo, J., Pantoja, J., Cayo, S., Navarro-M\u00e9ndez, D.V., and Cruz, P.J. (2019, January 15\u201318). A Portable UAV Tracking System for Communications and Video Transmission. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 4th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (CCAC), Medellin, Colombia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAC.2019.8921053"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.0020","article-title":"Review of radar classification and RCS characterisation techniques for small UAVs or drones","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Phelipot, M. (2004). Method to Determine the Azimuth of a Target by Means of a Radar, Especially of the ASR Type. (6,680,68), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12381","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2936764","article-title":"A wiener-based RSSI localization algorithm exploiting modulation diversity in LoRa networks","volume":"19","author":"Savazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2004.1337470","article-title":"Angle estimation for two unresolved targets with monopulse radar","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Sherman, S.M., and Barton, D.K. (2011). Monopulse Principles and Techniques, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.5772\/56659","article-title":"Tactical UAV Localization Using Coordinated Monopulse Trackers with Low Rate Feedback","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, Y.-H., Luo, H., and Yu, F.-X. (2012, January 8\u201310). A phase calibration method for single channel monopulse tracking systems based on curve fitting technique. Proceedings of the 2012 Second International Conference on Instrumentation, Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control, Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCCC.2012.142"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Champion, J. (1998). A 3-Channel Monopulse Tracking Receiver System Using Commercial Off-the-Shelf Equipment. International Foundation for Telemetering Proceedings, International Foundation for Telemetering."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2003.1238760","article-title":"Closed-form four-channel monopulse two-target resolution","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5089534","article-title":"Detection and localization of multiple unresolved extended targets via monopulse radar signal processing","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, D., and Reddy, C. (2017, January 9\u201314). Optimal numerical analysis of electronically-steered arrays onboard electrically-large platforms. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072472"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Sun, Y., Xiao, L., Zhou, S., and Koksal, C.E. (November, January 29). Analog beam tracking in linear antenna arrays: Convergence, optimality, and performance. Proceedings of the 2017 51st Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2017.8335540"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngamjanyaporn, P., Kittiyanpunya, C., and Krairiksh, M. (November, January 30). A switch-beam circular array antenna using pattern reconfigurable Yagi\u2013Uda antenna for space communications. Proceedings of the 2017 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISANP.2017.8228872"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Shi, L., Allen, C., Ewing, M., Keshmiri, S., Zakharov, M., Florencio, F., Niakan, N., and Knight, R. (2013, January 5\u201310). Multichannel sense-and-avoid radar for small UAVs. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE\/AIAA 32nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), East Syracuse, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2004.831921","article-title":"An accurate algebraic solution for moving source location using TDOA and FDOA measurements","volume":"52","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2633529","article-title":"An attitude heading and reference system for marine satellite tracking antenna","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2010.2040281","article-title":"Reliable control of ship-mounted satellite tracking antenna","volume":"19","author":"Soltani","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2009.5162072","article-title":"A Rooftop Antenna Tracking System: Design, Simulation, and Implementation","volume":"51","author":"Yalcin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2526645","article-title":"A dual-polarization slotted waveguide array antenna with polarization-tracking capability and reduced sidelobe level","volume":"64","author":"Gatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.32184","article-title":"Design, fabrication, and testing of a helical antenna using 3D printing technology","volume":"62","author":"Ghassemiparvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2804239","article-title":"Beam tracking for UAV mounted SatCom on-the-move with massive antenna array","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5689","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2614994","article-title":"Fast channel tracking for terahertz beamspace massive MIMO systems","volume":"66","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, H., Gao, F., Zhang, S., and Jin, S. (2016, January 4\u20138). Spatial-temporal BEM and channel estimation strategy for massive MIMO time-varying systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7842285"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailaender, L., Palat, R.C., Nardozza, G., and Ng, C. (2020, January 10\u201312). Receive Diversity Options for Single Panel 4G\u20135G Antennas. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF49715.2020.9221138"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"SC1-2","article-title":"User-wise joint transmit-receive diversity for multi-user MIMO","volume":"63","author":"Adachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEICE Proc. Ser."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Dong, J., Yu, J., Yu, Z., Lin, S., and Li, K. (2020, January 12\u201314). The Air-Ground Integrated MIMO Cooperative Relay Beamforming Wireless Ad-Hoc Network Technology Research That Based on Maximum Ratio Combining. Proceedings of the 2020 International Workshop on Electronic Communication and Artificial Intelligence (IWECAI), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWECAI50956.2020.00010"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomura, K., Sanada, Y., and Kobayashi, Y. (2020, January 16\u201319). MIMO Detection with Block Parallel Gibbs Sampling and Maximum Ratio Combining. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE REGION 10 CONFERENCE (TENCON), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON50793.2020.9293711"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2998404","article-title":"Analysis of selection combining receiver performance for time successive SSK-M-ary modulation","volume":"9","author":"Maheswaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72188","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986142","article-title":"On selection combining diversity in dual-hop relaying systems over double rice channels: Fade statistics and performance analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hajri","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07775-4","article-title":"Improved Performance of Alamouti Scheme Using Cyclic Delay Diversity and Doppler Diversity for MIMO Systems-Based","volume":"116","author":"Akbarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2874030","article-title":"Design adaptive MIMO space-time-frequency conjugate two-path OFDM systems","volume":"13","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2018.2866884","article-title":"Efficient nonorthogonal multiple access: Cooperative use of distributed space-time block coding","volume":"13","author":"Jamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3103\/S0735272720040020","article-title":"Space-frequency block coding with two-mode index modulation OFDM and increased stability to channel frequency selectivity","volume":"63","author":"Solodovnyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radioelectron. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2019.03.009","article-title":"Non-orthogonal space\u2013frequency block codes from cyclic codes for wireless systems employing MIMO-OFDM with index modulation","volume":"34","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2876899","article-title":"Enhancing capacity of spatial multiplexing systems using reconfigurable cavity-backed metasurface antennas in clustered MIMO channels","volume":"67","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalachikov, A.A., and Shelkunov, N.S. (2018, January 2\u20136). Performance evaluation of the detection algorithms for MIMO spatial multiplexing based on analytical wireless MIMO channel models. Proceedings of the 2018 XIV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE), Novosibirsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEIE.2018.8545229"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.05384","article-title":"On the performance of the MIMO zero-forcing receiver in the presence of channel estimation error","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"529","article-title":"Cell-free massive MIMO: Zero forcing and conjugate beamforming receivers","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2900678","article-title":"On the Distribution of SINR for MMSE MIMO Systems","volume":"67","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11827","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2944770","article-title":"Performance analysis of hardware impairment aware MMSE receiver with channel and CFO estimation error statistics for a large MIMO-OFDM system","volume":"68","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2771725","article-title":"Semi-blind channel estimation for multiuser massive MIMO systems","volume":"66","author":"Nayebi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2817555","article-title":"Blind channel estimation for ambient backscatter communication systems","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Zhou, G., and Lin, S. (2017, January 29\u201331). ELiMO: Eliminating channel feedback from MIMO. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2017.7947004"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasisht, D., Kumar, S., Rahul, H., and Katabi, D. (2016, January 22\u201326). Eliminating channel feedback in next-generation cellular networks. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference, Florianopolis, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934895"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2504379","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of pilot contamination in massive MIMO\u20145G system","volume":"18","author":"Elijah","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2675859","article-title":"Superimposed pilots are superior for mitigating pilot contamination in massive MIMO","volume":"65","author":"Upadhya","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2733532","article-title":"Downlink spectral efficiency of distributed massive MIMO systems with linear beamforming under pilot contamination","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, V., Fodor, G., and Karipidis, E. (2015, January 11\u201314). Mitigating pilot contamination by pilot reuse and power control schemes for massive MIMO systems. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2015.7145932"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2471304","article-title":"Graph coloring based pilot allocation to mitigate pilot contamination for multi-cell massive MIMO systems","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2403317","article-title":"Downlink user capacity of massive MIMO under pilot contamination","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Shi, Y., Hou, Y.T., Lou, W., and Kompella, S. (2018, January 16\u201319). A general model for DoF-based interference cancellation in MIMO networks with rank-deficient channels. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485884"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2018.6014","article-title":"QOSTBC coded MIMO system with reduced complexity and optimised decoding for rank deficient channels","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8010","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2696381","article-title":"Transmit antenna selection schemes for spatial modulation systems: Search complexity reduction and large-scale MIMO applications","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178047","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957820","article-title":"Accuracy-complexity tradeoff analysis and complexity reduction methods for non-stationary IMT-A MIMO channel models","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66867","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986390","article-title":"Low-complexity incremental search-aided hybrid precoding and combining for massive MIMO systems","volume":"8","author":"Bahingayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117503","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004843","article-title":"Energy-efficiency for IoT system with cache-enabled fixed-wing UAV relay","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanyu, A., Kawamoto, Y., and Kato, N. (2019, January 24\u201328). On improving flight energy efficiency in simultaneous transmission and reception of relay using UAVs. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Tangier, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766559"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2856587","article-title":"A survey of channel modeling for UAV communications","volume":"20","author":"Khuwaja","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2915069","article-title":"A survey of air-to-ground propagation channel modeling for unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"21","author":"Khawaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107769","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933173","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on UAV communication channel modeling","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharif, M.H., Kelechi, A.H., Yahya, K., and Chaudhry, S.A. (2020). Machine Learning Algorithms for Smart Data Analysis in Internet of Things Environment: Taxonomies and Research Trends. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12010088"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8162","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2621178","article-title":"Database-Assisted Television White Space Technology: Challenges, Trends and Future Research Directions","volume":"4","author":"Anabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3068206","article-title":"Machine-learning beam tracking and weight optimization for mmwave multi-UAV links","volume":"20","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5662\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:49:30Z","timestamp":1760165370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/16\/5662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s21165662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165662","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]}}}