{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:10:02Z","timestamp":1762377002619,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik","award":["DIRECT-PAD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIRECT-PAD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Within the last few decades, the need for subject authentication has grown steadily, and biometric recognition technology has been established as a reliable alternative to passwords and tokens, offering automatic decisions. However, as unsupervised processes, biometric systems are vulnerable to presentation attacks targeting the capture devices, where presentation attack instruments (PAI) instead of bona fide characteristics are presented. Due to the capture devices being exposed to the public, any person could potentially execute such attacks. In this work, a fingerprint capture device based on thin film transistor (TFT) technology has been modified to additionally acquire the impedances of the presented fingers. Since the conductance of human skin differs from artificial PAIs, those impedance values were used to train a presentation attack detection (PAD) algorithm. Based on a dataset comprising 42 different PAI species, the results showed remarkable performance in detecting most attack presentations with an APCER = 2.89% in a user-friendly scenario specified by a BPCER = 0.2%. However, additional experiments utilising unknown attacks revealed a weakness towards particular PAI species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:09:39Z","timestamp":1629842979000},"page":"5686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["On the Effectiveness of Impedance-Based Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3128-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jascha","family":"Kolberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"da\/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gl\u00e4sner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"da\/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Breithaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office for Information Security, 53133 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gomez-Barrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t Wirtschaft, Hochschule Ansbach, 91522 Ansbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenetric GmbH, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2659-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arndt","family":"von Twickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office for Information Security, 53133 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"da\/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maltoni, D., Maio, D., Jain, A.K., and Prabhakar, S. 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