{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:40:39Z","timestamp":1774042839694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Future distribution grids will be subjected to fluctuations in voltages and power flows due to the presence of renewable sources with intermittent power generation. The advanced smart metering infrastructure (AMI) enables the distribution system operators (DSOs) to measure and analyze electrical quantities such as voltages, currents and power at each customer connection point. Various smart grid applications can make use of the AMI data either in offline or close to real-time mode to assess the grid voltage conditions and estimate losses in the lines\/cables. The outputs of these applications can enable DSOs to take corrective action and make a proper plan for grid upgrades. In this paper, the process of development and deployment of applications for improving the observability of distributions grids is described, which consists of the novel deployment framework that encompasses the proposition of data collection, communication to the servers, data storage, and data visualization. This paper discussed the development of two observability applications for grid monitoring and loss calculation, their validation in a laboratory setup, and their field deployment. A representative distribution grid in Denmark is chosen for the study using an OPAL-RT real-time simulator. The results of the experimental studies show that the proposed applications have high accuracy in estimating grid voltage magnitudes and active energy losses. Further, the field deployment of the applications prove that DSOs can gain insightful information about their grids and use them for planning purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1630450695000},"page":"5770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Experimental Validation and Deployment of Observability Applications for Monitoring of Low-Voltage Distribution Grids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0433-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Nainar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4631-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalin Iosif","family":"Ciontea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Iov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Rasmus L\u00f8venstein","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Sch\u00e4ler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GridData GmbH, 83454 Anger, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter Christian","family":"Schwefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.09.038","article-title":"Adaptive intelligent power systems: Active distribution networks","volume":"36","author":"McDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Active distribution network concept for distributed management of low voltage network","volume":"2013","author":"Repo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE PES ISGT Eur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, A., Nguyen, P., Kling, W., and Bliek, F. 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