{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:18:17Z","timestamp":1766269097910,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deputyship for Research and Innovation-Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the Institutional Funding Committee at Najran University","award":["(NU\/IFC\/ENT\/01\/004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(NU\/IFC\/ENT\/01\/004)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The power industry is in the process of grid modernization with the introduction of phasor measurement units (PMUs), advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), and other technologies. Although these technologies enable more reliable and efficient operation, the risk of cyber threats has increased, as evidenced by the recent blackouts in Ukraine and New York. One of these threats is false data injection attacks (FDIAs). Most of the FDIA literature focuses on the vulnerability of DC estimators and AC estimators to such attacks. This paper investigates FDIAs for PMU-based state estimation, where the PMUs are comparable. Several states can be manipulated by compromising one PMU through the channels of that PMU. A Phase Locking Value (PLV) technique was developed to detect FDIAs. The proposed approach is tested on the IEEE 14-bus and the IEEE 30-bus test systems under different scenarios using a Monte Carlo simulation where the PLV demonstrated an efficient performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1630450695000},"page":"5791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Novel Technique to Detect False Data Injection Attacks on Phasor Measurement Units"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Almasabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turki","family":"Alsuwian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehtasham","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Jalalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belqasem","family":"Aljafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid A.","family":"Harraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87 Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2016.2631891","article-title":"The 2015 Ukraine Blackout: Implications for False Data Injection Attacks","volume":"32","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, P., Zhang, Q., Zhang, T., Chi, C., Zhang, X., Li, P., and Gong, X. (2019, January 22\u201324). Analysis and Enlightenment of the Blackouts in Argentina and New York. Proceedings of the 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC48633.2019.8997461"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abur, A., and Exposito, A.G. (2004). 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