{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:06:12Z","timestamp":1775325972114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005752","name":"Mokslo, Inovaciju ir Technologiju Agentura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TPP-03-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TPP-03-045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001870","name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAB\/2018\/9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB\/2018\/9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spread of practical terahertz (THz) systems dedicated to the telecommunication, pharmacy, civil security, or medical markets requires the use of mainstream semiconductor technologies, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) lines. In this paper, we discuss the operation of a CMOS-based free space all-electronic system operating near 250 GHz, exhibiting signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with 62 dB in the direct detection regime for one Hz equivalent noise bandwidth. It combines the state-of-the-art detector based on CMOS field-effect-transistors (FET) and a harmonic voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). Three generations of the oscillator circuit are presented, and the performance characterization techniques and their improvement are explained in detail. The manuscript presents different emitter\u2013detector pair operation modalities, including spectroscopy and imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1630450695000},"page":"5795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["All-Electronic Emitter-Detector Pairs for 250 GHz in Silicon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2165-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u0119stutis","family":"Ikamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Research Group on Logistics and Defense Technology Management, General Jonas \u017demaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, LT-10322 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0735-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmytro B.","family":"But","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"CEZAMAT, Warsaw Technical University, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Cesiul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Ko\u0142aci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tautvydas","family":"Lisauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MB \u201cTerahertz Technologies\u201d, LT-01116 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4537-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Knap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvydas","family":"Lisauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Electrodynamics and Telecommunications, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201000011","article-title":"Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging\u2014Modern techniques and applications","volume":"5","author":"Jepsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowe, T.W., Porterfield, D.W., and Hesler, J.L. 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