{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:38:15Z","timestamp":1773329895332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research And Development Program of China","award":["2017YFC0110503, 2017YFC0110501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0110503, 2017YFC0110501"]}]},{"name":"the National Military Commission Logistics Department","award":["KZ75006501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZ75006501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During military operations in high-temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions, the physiological state and combat capability of pilots are affected severely. In a fighter cockpit, experiments were conducted on thirteen voluntary subjects wearing pilot suits at 21 \u00b0C\/30%, 30 \u00b0C\/45%, and 38 \u00b0C\/60% RH, respectively, in order to examine the physiological changes of pilots in combat thoroughly. The target strike performance, core and skin temperatures, pulse rate, and other parameters were measured and investigated. Significant inter-condition differences were noted in the pulse rate, core temperature, mean skin temperatures, and sweat amount, which increased markedly with elevating temperature and RH. Contrastively, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) dropped with such elevations. Concerning the skin temperature, the chest and back skin temperatures remained stable, while the temperatures at the hands, feet, and lower arms underwent larger changes with the increasing temperature and humidity. At 38 \u00b0C\/60% RH, the sweat amount was 3.7 times that at 21 \u00b0C\/30% RH. The subjects\u2019 operational error rates increased as the core temperatures rose, showing high correlations (r2 = 0.81). The results could serve as a theoretical basis for the design of pilot protective equipment and the control of aircraft cockpit temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1630450695000},"page":"5798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Physiological Characteristics and Operational Performance of Pilots in the High Temperature and Humidity Fighter Cockpit Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Biyun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Yingfang","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3568-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Advances in the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Shock Patients with Cryogenic Fluid under High Temperature and High Humidity","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Healthc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stribley, R., and Nunneley, S.A. 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