{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T17:22:17Z","timestamp":1771867337578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds","award":["\u03a42\u0395DK-01949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a42\u0395DK-01949"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the experimental testing of a gas-sensing array, for the detection of two commercially available pesticides (i.e., Chloract 48 EC and Nimrod), towards its eventual use along a commercial smart-farming system. The array is comprised of four distinctive sensing devices based on nanoparticles, each functionalized with a different gas-absorbing polymeric layer. As discussed herein, the sensing array is able to identify as well as quantify three gas-analytes, two pesticide solutions, and relative humidity, which acts as a reference analyte. All of the evaluation experiments were conducted in close to real-life conditions; specifically, the sensors response towards the three analytes was tested in three relative humidity backgrounds while the effect of temperature was also considered. The unique response patterns generated after the exposure of the sensing-array to the two gas-analytes were analyzed using the common statistical analysis tool Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The sensing array, being compact, low-cost, and highly sensitive, can be easily integrated with pre-existing crop-monitoring solutions. Given that there are limited reports for effective pesticide gas-sensing solutions, the proposed gas-sensing technology would significantly upgrade the added-value of the integrated system, providing it with unique advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1630450695000},"page":"5803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of Two Commercial Pesticides by a Nanoparticle Gas-Sensing Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Skotadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"NEUROPUBLIC S.A., 18545 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris","family":"Kanaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Aslanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Kalatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEUROPUBLIC S.A., 18545 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fotis","family":"Chatzipapadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEUROPUBLIC S.A., 18545 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Marianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEUROPUBLIC S.A., 18545 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Tsoukalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.12.076","article-title":"Review of analytical methods for the determination of pesticide residues in grapes","volume":"1433","author":"Grimalt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-015-0342-0","article-title":"Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of pesticide residues in food","volume":"9","author":"Stachniuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-015-1544-6","article-title":"Voltammetric behavior of bupirimate fungicide and its square wave voltammetric determination","volume":"22","author":"Demir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.10.007","article-title":"An ultra-sensitive acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide-Au nanoparticles-\u00df-cyclodextrin\/Prussian blue-chitosan nanocomposites for organophosphorus pesticides detection","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.06.020","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent quantum dots based biosensor for organophosphorus pesticides detection by inner-filter effect","volume":"74","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.08.842","article-title":"A rapid detection of pesticide residue based on piezoelectric biosensor","volume":"15","author":"Shang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2015.01.020","article-title":"A molecularly imprinted polymer based lab-on-paper chemiluminescence device for the detection of dichlorvos","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.005","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective gas sensors using p-type oxide semiconductors: Overview","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19717","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0471857","article-title":"Chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as ammonia sensors","volume":"108","author":"Bekyarova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2020.100099","article-title":"Metal oxides nanowires chemical\/gas sensors: Recent advances","volume":"7","author":"Comini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24298","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b06951","article-title":"Gas sensor by direct growth and functionalization of metal oxide\/metal sulfide core-shell nanowires on flexible substrates","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.02.007","article-title":"Bimetallic Pd\/Pt nanoparticle functionalized SnO2 nanowires for fast response and recovery to NO2","volume":"181","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.106","article-title":"Acetone sensing of Au and Pd-decorated WO3 nanorod sensors","volume":"209","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6833","article-title":"Design and control of gas diffusion process in a nanoporous soft crystal","volume":"363","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106025","article-title":"Emerging strategies for enhancing detection of explosives by artificial olfaction","volume":"164","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2004.03.002","article-title":"Polymers in sensor applications","volume":"29","author":"Adhikari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04751","article-title":"Polymer-based technologies for sensing applications","volume":"90","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05657","article-title":"Multiplexed nanomaterial-based sensor array for detection of COVID-19 in exhaled breath","volume":"14","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"103","article-title":"Chemical sensors based on metal oxides","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Hallil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Sensors for Environmental and Medical Applications"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2015.03.018","article-title":"Length-extensional resonating gas sensors with IC foundry compatible low-cost fabrication in non-SOI single-wafer","volume":"136","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.04.010","article-title":"Organophosphate vapour detection on gold electrodes using peptide nanotubes","volume":"61","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2004.03.022","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues using temperature modulated SnO2 gas sensor","volume":"64","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00361G","article-title":"Pesticide vapor sensing using an aptamer, nanopore, and agarose gel on a chip","volume":"17","author":"Fujii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2010.03.001","article-title":"Chemiresistive sensor fabricated by the sequential ink-jet printing deposition of a gold nanoparticle and polymer layer","volume":"87","author":"Skotadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.12.058","article-title":"Chemical sensing based on double layer PHEMA 18 polymer and platinum nanoparticle films","volume":"175","author":"Skotadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.03.001","article-title":"PHEMA functionalization of gold nanoparticles for vapor sensing: Chemi-resistance, chemi-capacitance and chemi-impedance","volume":"170","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.01.046","article-title":"Flexible polyimide chemical sensors using platinum nanoparticles","volume":"189","author":"Skotadis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.10.036","article-title":"Nanoparticle based gas-sensing array for pesticide detection","volume":"6","author":"Madianos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105759","article-title":"A sensing approach for automated and real-time pesticide detection in the scope of smart-farming","volume":"78","author":"Skotadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.02.005","article-title":"Detection of trace levels of organophosphate pesticides using an electronic tongue based on graphene hybrid nanocomposites","volume":"167","author":"Facure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.12.024","article-title":"Colorimetric sensor arrays based on pattern recognition for the detection of nitroaromatic molecules","volume":"326","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(96)02019-9","article-title":"Humidity sensors based on polymer thin films","volume":"35","author":"Sakai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/1\/003","article-title":"Properties of a polyethyleneimine-based sensor for measuring medium and high relative humidity","volume":"17","author":"Chachulski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Fan, X. (2008, January 21). Mechanics of moisture for polymers: Fundamental concepts and model study. Proceedings of the International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems EuroSimE, Freiburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Duncan, B.C., and Broughton, W.R. (2007). Measurement Good Practice Guide No. 102-Absorption and Diffusion of Moisture in Polymeric Materials, National Physical Laboratory. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahata, K. (2009). A Review of Thermoelectric MEMS Devices for Micro-power Generation-Heating and Cooling Applications. Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems, IntechOpen. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.5772\/121"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31100","article-title":"Vapor-induced swelling of supported methacrylic and siloxane polymer films: Determination of interaction parameters","volume":"116","author":"Manoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600528","article-title":"IoT in agriculture: Designing a Europe-widelarge-scale pilot","volume":"55","author":"Brewster","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamides, G., Kalatzis, N., Stylianou, A., Marianos, N., Chatzipapadopoulos, F., Giannakopoulou, M., Papadavid, G., Vassiliou, V., and Neocleous, D. (2020). Smart farming techniques for climate change adaptation in Cyprus. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11060557"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/17\/5803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:30Z","timestamp":1760165670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/17\/5803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s21175803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21175803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]}}}