{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:55:52Z","timestamp":1777892152319,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Mohaghegh Ardabili supported this work","award":["The University of Mohaghegh Ardabili"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The University of Mohaghegh Ardabili"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to one of the most important challenges of the century, i.e., the estimation of the food demands of a growing population, advanced technologies have been employed in agriculture. The potato has the main contribution to people\u2019s diet worldwide. Therefore, its different aspects are worth studying. The large number of potato varieties, lack of awareness about its new cultivars among farmers to cultivate, time-consuming and inaccurate process of identifying different potato cultivars, and the significance of identifying potato cultivars and other agricultural products (in every food industry process) all necessitate new, fast, and accurate methods. The aim of this study was to use an electronic nose, along with chemometrics methods, including PCA, LDA, and ANN as fast, inexpensive, and non-destructive methods for detecting different potato cultivars. In the present study, nine sensors with the best response to VOCs were adopted. VOCs sensors were used at various VOCs concentrations (1 to 10,000 ppm) to detect different gases. The results showed that a PCA with two main components, PC1 and PC2, described 92% of the total samples\u2019 dataset variance. In addition, the accuracy of the LDA and ANN methods were 100 and 96%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1630450695000},"page":"5836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Machine Learning Method for Classification and Identification of Potato Cultivars Based on the Reaction of MOS Type Sensor-Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Khorramifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Rasekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0654-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Malaga-Tobo\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4719-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Gancarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Do\u015bwiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Singh, J., and Kaur, L. (2009). Chapter 14\u2014Nutritional Value of Potatoes: Vitamin, Phytonutrient, and Mineral Con-tent. Advances in Potato Chemistry and Technology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO (2017). The Future of Food and Agriculture, Organization of the United Nations. ISSN 2522-722X."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00130-9","article-title":"Some properties of potatoes and their starches II. Morphological, thermal and rheological properties of starches","volume":"79","author":"Kaur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-94-5-0510","article-title":"Bemisia afer sensu lato, a Vector of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus","volume":"94","author":"Gamarra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rymuza, K., Guga\u0142a, M., Zarzecka, K., Sikorska, A., Findura, P., Malaga-Tobo\u0142a, U., Kapela, K., and Radzka, E. (2020). The Effect of Light Exposures on the Content of Harmful Substances in Edible Potato Tuber. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10050139"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"65","article-title":"Sweet Potato Diseases: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"6","author":"Hegde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fruit Veg. Cereal Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"135","article-title":"Advances in image processing for detection of plant diseases","volume":"2","author":"Patil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Bioinform. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Unajan, M.C., Tabada, W.M., Gerardo, B., and Fajardo, A.C. (2017, January 23\u201324). Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Variety Recognizer Using Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network. Proceedings of the 2017 Manila International Conference on \u201cTrends in Engineering and Technology\u201d, Manila, Philippines."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.03.004","article-title":"Correlation between cell size and blackspot of potato tuber parenchyma tissue after storage","volume":"117","author":"Gancarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(94)00649-T","article-title":"Gel electrophoresis for the identification of plant varieties","volume":"698","author":"Cooke","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.08.026","article-title":"Storage induced changes of potato properties as detected by DMA","volume":"50","author":"Blahovec","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2018.01.009","article-title":"At harvest prediction of the susceptibility of potato varieties to blackspot after impact over long-term storage","volume":"142","author":"Gancarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"6","article-title":"Plant Disease Detection using Image Processing\u2014A Review","volume":"124","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"49","article-title":"Analysis of plant tissue images obtained by confocal tandem scan-ning reflected light microscope","volume":"21","author":"Gancarz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Agrophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00506-0","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of edible oil oxidation using an olfactory machine","volume":"14","author":"Karami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2020.104165","article-title":"Comparison of chemometrics and AOCS official methods for predicting the shelf life of edible oil","volume":"206","author":"Karami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przyby\u0142, K., G\u00f3rna, K., Wojcieszak, D., Czeka\u0142a, W., Ludwiczak, A., Przybylak, A., and Lewicki, A. (2015, January 9\u201310). The recognition of potato varieties using of neural image analysis method. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Digital Image Processing (ICDIP 2015), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2197033"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2015.1038834","article-title":"Identifying Potato Varieties Using Machine Vision and Artificial Neural Networks","volume":"19","author":"Azizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercurio, D.I., and Hernandez, A. (2019, January 7). Classification of Sweet Potato Variety using Convolutional Neural Network. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 9th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET), Shah Alam, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEngT.2019.8906329"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"206","article-title":"High-speed potato grading and quality inspection based on a color vision system","volume":"3966","author":"Noordam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl. Ind. Insp. VIII"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-013-9310-7","article-title":"Evaluation of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers Established in Europe as a Method for the Identification of Potato Varieties Grown in Canada","volume":"90","author":"LeDuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasekh, M., Karami, H., Wilson, A., and Gancarz, M. (2021). Classification and Identification of Essential Oils from Herbs and Fruits Based on a MOS Electronic-Nose Technology. Chemosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9060142"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2021.02.011","article-title":"Detection and measurement of aroma compounds with the electronic nose and a novel method for MOS sensor signal analysis during the wheat bread making process","volume":"127","author":"Gancarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusinek, R., Gawrysiak-Witulska, M., Siger, A., Oniszczuk, A., Ptaszy\u0144ska, A., Knaga, J., Malaga-Tobo\u0142a, U., and Gancarz, M. (2021). Effect of Supplementation of Flour with Fruit Fiber on the Volatile Compound Profile in Bread. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082812"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0189-7241(15)30115-6","article-title":"Effect of Boiling and Frying on the Total Carbohydrate, Vitamin C and Mineral Contents of Irish (Solanun tuberosum) and Sweet (Ipomea batatas) Potato Tubers","volume":"32","author":"Ikanone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger. Food J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15432","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15432","article-title":"Application of electronic nose with chemometrics methods to the detection of juices fraud","volume":"45","author":"Rasekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2021.1908354","article-title":"E-nose coupled with an artificial neural network to detection of fraud in pure and industrial fruit juices","volume":"24","author":"Rasekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14696","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14696","article-title":"Application of the E-nose machine system to detect adulterations in mixed edible oils using chemometrics methods","volume":"44","author":"Karami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.12.041","article-title":"Application of MOS based electronic nose for the prediction of banana quality properties","volume":"82","author":"Sanaeifar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisiecka, K., W\u00f3jtowicz, A., and Gancarz, M. (2021). Characteristics of Newly Developed Extruded Products Supplemented with Plants in a Form of Microwave-Expanded Snacks. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112791"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107561","article-title":"Visualization of volatomic profiles for early detection of fungal infection on storage Jasmine brown rice using electronic nose coupled with chemometrics","volume":"157","author":"Jiarpinijnun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viejo, C.G., Tongson, E., and Fuentes, S. (2021). Integrating a Low-Cost Electronic Nose and Machine Learning Modelling to Assess Coffee Aroma Profile and Intensity. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062016"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieganowski, A., J\u00f3zefaciuk, G., Bandura, L., Guz, \u0141., \u0141ag\u00f3d, G., and Franus, W. (2018). Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Soil Pollution Using E-Nose. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082463"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karami, H., Rasekh, M., and Mirzaee-Ghaleh, E. (2021). Identification of olfactory characteristics of edible oil during storage period using metal oxide semiconductor sensors signal and ANN methods. J. Food Process. Preserv., e15749.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15749"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, J., Thornton, M., and Nolte, P. (2020). Tuber Quality. Potato Production Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39157-7"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"77","article-title":"Characterisation of five potato cultivars according to their nutritional and pro-health components","volume":"10","author":"Gumul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.01.001","article-title":"The use of an electronic nose to detect early signs of soft-rot infection in potatoes","volume":"167","author":"Rutolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2018.1505755","article-title":"Detection of the adulteration in pure cow ghee by electronic nose method (case study: Sunflower oil and cow body fat)","volume":"21","author":"Ayari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.08.018","article-title":"Quality grade identification of green tea using E-nose by CA and ANN","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusinek, R., Jelen, H., Malaga-Tobola, U., Molenda, M., and Gancarz, M. (2020). Influence of Changes in the Level of Volatile Compounds Emitted during Rapeseed Quality Degradation on the Reaction of MOS Type Sensor-Array. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113135"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marek, G., Dobrza\u0144ski, J.B., Oniszczuk, T., Combrzy\u0144ski, M., \u0106wik\u0142a, D., and Rusinek, R. (2020). Detection and Differentiation of Volatile Compound Profiles in Roasted Coffee Arabica Beans from Different Countries Using an Electronic Nose and GC-MS. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072124"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Yurish, S., Chilibon, I., Carvalho, V., and Ducouret, S.G. (2012, January 19\u201324). Application of a conductive polymer electronic nose device to identify aged woody samples. Proceedings of the Third International IARIA Conference on Sensor Device Technologies and Applications, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.01.030","article-title":"Application of conductive polymer analysis for wood and woody plant identifications","volume":"209","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3390\/s130202295","article-title":"Diverse Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies in Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705099","article-title":"Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/17\/5836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:55:38Z","timestamp":1760165738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/17\/5836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s21175836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21175836","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]}}}