{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:52:31Z","timestamp":1777549951309,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, Korea, under the ICT Creative Consilience program","award":["IITP-2020-0-01821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2020-0-01821"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In rehabilitation, the Fugl\u2013Meyer assessment (FMA) is a typical clinical instrument to assess upper-extremity motor function of stroke patients, but it cannot measure fine changes of motor function (both in recovery and deterioration) due to its limited sensitivity. This paper introduces a sensor-based automated FMA system that addresses this limitation with a continuous rating algorithm. The system consists of a depth sensor (Kinect V2) and an algorithm to rate the continuous FM scale based on fuzzy inference. Using a binary logic based classification method developed from a linguistic scoring guideline of FMA, we designed fuzzy input\/output variables, fuzzy rules, membership functions, and a defuzzification method for several representative FMA tests. A pilot trial with nine stroke patients was performed to test the feasibility of the proposed approach. The continuous FM scale from the proposed algorithm exhibited a high correlation with the clinician rated scores and the results showed the possibility of more sensitive upper-extremity motor function assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"5926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Proof-of-Concept of a Sensor-Based Evaluation Method for Better Sensitivity of Upper-Extremity Motor Function Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2670-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KEPCO Research Institute, Seoul 06732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye-Ji","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwang-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention & Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention & Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Ogrinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK"},{"name":"GripAble Limited, Thornton House, 39 Thornton Road, London, SW19 4NQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Burdet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0380-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.12.1497","article-title":"Recovery of motor function after stroke","volume":"19","author":"Bonita","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv3","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.suppl_4.iv3","article-title":"Principles of neurological rehabilitation","volume":"74","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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