{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:18:44Z","timestamp":1760235524781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter\u2019s gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and\/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR\/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR\/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR\/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"5946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the Utility of Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios of Ambient Noise in Joint Inversion with Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Curves for the Large-N Maupasacq Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9558-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maik","family":"Neukirch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, C\/Lluis Sol\u00e9 i Sabar\u00eds s\/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Jerez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Villase\u00f1or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Luz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almer\u00eda, Carretera de Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Brives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTerre), CNRS, University Grenoble Alps, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, and Gustave Eiffel University, 1381 Rue de la Piscine, 38610 Gieres, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Stehly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTerre), CNRS, University Grenoble Alps, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, and Gustave Eiffel University, 1381 Rue de la Piscine, 38610 Gieres, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface","volume":"30","author":"Nakamura","year":"1989","journal-title":"Railw. 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