{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T21:57:05Z","timestamp":1767650225362,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]],"date-time":"2021-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MiViM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MiViM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery","CREATE-ON DUTY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery","CREATE-ON DUTY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of L\u2019Aquila","award":["PROGETTI DI RICERCA DI INTERESSE DI ATENEO E.F. 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROGETTI DI RICERCA DI INTERESSE DI ATENEO E.F. 2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibre metal laminates are widely implemented in the aerospace industry owing to the merits of fatigue resistance and plastic properties. An effective defect assessment technique needs to be investigated for this type of composite materials. In order to achieve accurate impact-induced damage evaluation, a multi-excitation infrared fusion method is introduced in this study. Optical excitation thermography with high performance on revealing surface and subsurface defects is combined with vibro-thermography to improve the capability of detection on defects. Quantitative analysis is carried out on the temperature curve to assess the impact-induced deformation. A new image fusion framework including feature extraction, feature selection and fusion steps is proposed to fully utilize the information from two excitation modalities. Six fibre metal laminates which contain aluminium-basalt fibre reinforced plastic and aluminium-glass fibre reinforced plastic are investigated. Features from different perspectives are compared and selected via intensity contrast on deformation area for fusion imaging. Both types of defects (i.e., surface and sub-surface) and the internal deformation situation of these six samples are characterized clearly and intuitively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"5961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multi-Excitation Infrared Fusion for Impact Evaluation of Aluminium-BFRP\/GFRP Hybrid Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3025-9999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Sfarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (DIIIE), University of L\u2019Aquila, Monteluco di Roio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Perilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 67100 Santa Rufina di Roio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Universit\u00e0 di Roma & UdR INSTM, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Sarasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Universit\u00e0 di Roma & UdR INSTM, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8777-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Maldague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.03.011","article-title":"A Review: Fibre Metal Laminates, Background, Bonding Types and Applied Test Methods","volume":"32","author":"Avcu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. 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