{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:24:51Z","timestamp":1761719091490,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) enables various underwater objects be connected to accommodate a wide range of applications, such as oil and mineral exportations, disaster detection, and tracing tracking systems. As about 71% of our earth is covered by water and one-fourth of the population lives around this, the IoUT expects to play a vital role. It is imperative to pursue reliable communication in this vast domain, as human beings\u2019 future depends on water activities and resources. Therefore, there is a urgent need for underwater communication to be reliable, end-to-end secure, and collision\/void node-free, especially when the routing path is established between sender and sonobuoys. The foremost issue discussed in this area is its routing path, which has high security and bandwidth without simultaneous multiple reflections. Short communication range is also a problem (because of an absence of inter-node adjustment); the acoustic signals have short ranges and maximum-scaling factors that cause a delay in communication. Therefore, we proposed Rotational Orbit-Based Inter Node Adjustment (ROBINA) with variant Path-Adjustment (PA-ROBINA) and Path Loss (PL-ROBINA) for IoUTs to achive reliable communication between the sender and sonobuoys. Additionally, the mathematical-based path loss model was discussed to cover the PL-ROBINA strategy. Extensive simulations were conducted with various realistic parameters and the results were compared with state-of-the-art routing protocols. Extensive simulations proved that the proposed routing scheme outperformed different realistic parameters; for example, packet transmission 45% increased with an average end-to-end delay of only 0.3% respectively. Furthermore, the transmission loss and path loss (measured in dB) were 25 and 46 dB, respectively, compared with other algorithms, for example, EBER2 54%, WDFAD-BDR 54%, AEDG 49%, ASEGD 55%, AVH-AHH-VBF 54.5%, and TANVEER 39%, respectively. In addition, the individual parameters with ROBINA and TANVEER were also compared, in which ROBINA achieved a 98% packet transmission ratio compared with TANVEER, which was only 82%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T21:47:38Z","timestamp":1630964858000},"page":"5968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["ROBINA: Rotational Orbit-Based Inter-Node Adjustment for Acoustic Routing Path in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9576-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Draz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Campus, CUI, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Punjab, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sahiwal Campus, CUI, Sahiwal 57000, Punjab, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Campus, CUI, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid Bin","family":"Faheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computre Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, UET, Texila 47080, Punjab, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hasan","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Campus, CUI, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Dong-Young","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-901, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2657228","article-title":"Performance analysis of multi-hop underwater wireless optical communication systems","volume":"29","author":"Jamali","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. 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