{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:46:32Z","timestamp":1776991592312,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Double First-Class university project of Central South University","award":["No.13600-506010801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.13600-506010801"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["2021zzts0782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021zzts0782"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of deformation measuring technology at slope surfaces, prediction methods for rainfall-induced landslides based on the surface movements and tilting of slopes in the pre-failure stage have been recognized as a promising technique for risk reduction of slope failure triggered by rainfall. However, the correlation and possible mechanism for these prediction methods were rarely discussed. In this study, the comparison between the prediction methods of slope failure based on the time history of surface displacements and tilting in the acceleration stage was carried out by conducting a series of laboratory tests and field tests under rainfall, in which the movements and tilting behaviors at the slope surface were measured. The results show that the predicted failure time of tested slopes obtained by different prediction methods is consistent, and the correlation between these landslide prediction methods were also detected. A proportional relationship between the velocity of surface displacements and tilting rate was observed, and a possible mechanism for the sliding behavior was discussed based on this linear relationship as well. In addition, an expression for the linear relationship between the rate of the surface tilting and displacement was also established in this study, and the results could have significance for the understanding of the sliding behavior in the failure process in rainfall-induced landslides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21185988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T02:44:18Z","timestamp":1630982658000},"page":"5988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental Study on the Relationship between the Velocity of Surface Movements and Tilting Rate in Pre-Failure Stage of Rainfall-Induced Landslides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiren","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taro","family":"Uchimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zain","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Jingli","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-015-0643-9","article-title":"Landslide impacts in Germany: A historical and socioeconomic perspective","volume":"13","author":"Klose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-2161-2018","article-title":"Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016","volume":"18","author":"Froude","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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