{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T22:21:35Z","timestamp":1771885295309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photoplethysmography (PPG) as an additional biosignal for a seizure detector has been underutilized so far, which is possibly due to its susceptibility to motion artifacts. We investigated 62 focal seizures from 28 patients with electrocardiography-based evidence of ictal tachycardia (IT). Seizures were divided into subgroups: those without epileptic movements and those with epileptic movements not affecting and affecting the extremities. PPG-based heart rate (HR) derived from a wrist-worn device was calculated for sections with high signal quality, which were identified using spectral entropy. Overall, IT based on PPG was identified in 37 of 62 (60%) seizures (9\/19, 7\/8, and 21\/35 in the three groups, respectively) and could be found prior to the onset of epileptic movements affecting the extremities in 14\/21 seizures. In 30\/37 seizures, PPG-based IT was in good temporal agreement (&lt;10 s) with ECG-based IT, with an average delay of 5.0 s relative to EEG onset. In summary, we observed that the identification of IT by means of a wearable PPG sensor is possible not only for non-motor seizures but also in motor seizures, which is due to the early manifestation of IT in a relevant subset of focal seizures. However, both spontaneous and epileptic movements can impair PPG-based seizure detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T21:28:45Z","timestamp":1631136525000},"page":"6017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Identification of Ictal Tachycardia in Focal Motor- and Non-Motor Seizures by Means of a Wearable PPG Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Glasstetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Zabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Epitashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"D\u00fcmpelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulze-Bonhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.08.006","article-title":"Novel techniques for automated seizure registration: Patients\u2019 wants and needs","volume":"52","author":"Hoppe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.05.044","article-title":"Wearable technology in epilepsy: The views of patients, caregivers, and healthcare 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