{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:31:40Z","timestamp":1780695100182,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-29-14101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-29-14101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-32-60033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-32-60033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"President Program","award":["MK-1760.2020.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MK-1760.2020.2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we used an EEG system to monitor and analyze the cortical activity of children and adults at a sensor level during cognitive tasks in the form of a Schulte table. This complex cognitive task simultaneously involves several cognitive processes and systems: visual search, working memory, and mental arithmetic. We revealed that adults found numbers on average two times faster than children in the beginning. However, this difference diminished at the end of table completion to 1.8 times. In children, the EEG analysis revealed high parietal alpha-band power at the end of the task. This indicates the shift from procedural strategy to less demanding fact-retrieval. In adults, the frontal beta-band power increased at the end of the task. It reflects enhanced reliance on the top\u2013down mechanisms, cognitive control, or attentional modulation rather than a change in arithmetic strategy. Finally, the alpha-band power of adults exceeded one of the children in the left hemisphere, providing potential evidence for the fact-retrieval strategy. Since the completion of the Schulte table involves a whole set of elementary cognitive functions, the obtained results were essential for developing passive brain\u2013computer interfaces for monitoring and adjusting a human state in the process of learning and solving cognitive tasks of various types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T21:28:45Z","timestamp":1631136525000},"page":"6021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Monitoring the Cortical Activity of Children and Adults during Cognitive Task Completion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6392-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina V.","family":"Khramova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Kuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4632-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Maksimenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Innopolis University, 420500 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita S.","family":"Frolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Innopolis University, 420500 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2491-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim V.","family":"Grubov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Innopolis University, 420500 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semen A.","family":"Kurkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Innopolis University, 420500 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Pisarchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Innopolis University, 420500 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8848-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia N.","family":"Shusharina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5501-3149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Hramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic Center for Artificial Intelligence and Neurotechnology, Immanuel Kant 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