{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:21:10Z","timestamp":1760235670341,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2020\/37\/N\/ST2\/04008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2020\/37\/N\/ST2\/04008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The optimization of the Beetle readout ASIC and the performance of the software for the signal processing based on machine learning methods are presented. The Beetle readout chip was developed for the LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) tracking detectors and was used in the VELO (Vertex Locator) during Run 1 and 2 of LHC data taking. The VELO, surrounding the LHC beam crossing region, was a leading part of the LHCb tracking system. The Beetle chip was used to read out the signal from silicon microstrips, integrating and amplifying it. The studies presented in this paper cover the optimization of its electronic configuration to achieve the lower power consumption footprint and the lower operational temperature of the sensors, while maintaining a good condition of the analogue response of the whole chip. The studies have shown that optimizing the operational temperature is possible and can be beneficial when the detector is highly irradiated. Even a single degree drop in silicon temperature can result in a significant reduction in the leakage current. Similar studies are being performed for the future silicon tracker, the Upstream Tracker (UT), which will start operating at LHC in 2021. It is expected that the inner part of the UT detector will suffer radiation damage similar to the most irradiated VELO sensors in Run 2. In the course of analysis we also developed a general approach for the pulse shape reconstruction using an ANN approach. This technique can be reused in case of any type of front-end readout chip.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:48:01Z","timestamp":1631483281000},"page":"6075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simulation and Optimization Studies of the LHCb Beetle Readout ASIC and Machine Learning Approach for Pulse Shape Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Kopciewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Particle Interactions and Detection Techniques, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Kazuyoshi Carvalho","family":"Akiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szumlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Particle Interactions and Detection Techniques, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sitko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Particle Interactions and Detection Techniques, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Barter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Buytaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Hennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Koppenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Latham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Particle Interactions and Detection Techniques, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Oblakowska-Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Particle Interactions and Detection Techniques, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Velthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"L\u00f6chner, S., and Schmelling, M. (2006). The Beetle Reference Manual. LHCb-2005-105, CERN."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/epjh\/s13129-021-00002-z","article-title":"The history of LHCb","volume":"46","author":"Belyaev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. H"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(02)01454-7","article-title":"VELO: The LHCb vertex detector","volume":"494","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 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