{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T02:41:16Z","timestamp":1786329676296,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COOPA20305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COOPA20305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TiO2 electrochemical biosensors represent an option for biomolecules recognition associated with diseases, food or environmental contaminants, drug interactions and related topics. The relevance of TiO2 biosensors is due to the high selectivity and sensitivity that can be achieved. The development of electrochemical biosensors based on nanostructured TiO2 surfaces requires knowing the signal extracted from them and its relationship with the properties of the transducer, such as the crystalline phase, the roughness and the morphology of the TiO2 nanostructures. Using relevant literature published in the last decade, an overview of TiO2 based biosensors is here provided. First, the principal fabrication methods of nanostructured TiO2 surfaces are presented and their properties are briefly described. Secondly, the different detection techniques and representative examples of their applications are provided. Finally, the functionalization strategies with biomolecules are discussed. This work could contribute as a reference for the design of electrochemical biosensors based on nanostructured TiO2 surfaces, considering the detection technique and the experimental electrochemical conditions needed for a specific analyte.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T21:47:21Z","timestamp":1631656041000},"page":"6167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Surfaces for Electrochemical Biosensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Bertel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CMN-CIMBIOS Group, Escuela de F\u00edsica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Cll 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMN-CIMBIOS Group, Escuela de F\u00edsica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Cll 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, E-28760 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20150001","article-title":"Introduction to biosensors","volume":"60","author":"Bhalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloisi, A., Della Torre, A., De Benedetto, A., and Rinaldi, R. 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