{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T19:00:47Z","timestamp":1779908447693,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last two years, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to wreak havoc in many areas of the world, as the infection spreads through person-to-person contact. Transmission and prognosis, once infected, are potentially influenced by many factors, including indoor air pollution. Particulate Matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid and\/or liquid particles suspended in the air that can vary in size, shape, and composition and recent scientific work correlate this index with a considerable risk of COVID-19 infections. Early Warning Systems (EWS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have given rise to the development of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) based on sensors, which measure PM levels and monitor In-door Air pollution Quality (IAQ) in real-time. This article proposes an open-source platform architecture and presents the development of a Long Range (LoRa) based sensor network for IAQ and PM measurement. A few air quality sensors were tested, a network platform was implemented after simulating setup topologies, emphasizing feasible low-cost open platform architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"6183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Early Warning Systems for COVID-19 Infections Based on Low-Cost Indoor Air-Quality Sensors and LPWANs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0055-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Peladarinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2298-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Cheimaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2711-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Piromalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5778-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos G.","family":"Arvanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0515-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Papageorgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Monios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Dogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Stojmenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Singidunum University, 160622 Beograd, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9967-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsaramirsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi Women\u2019s College, Abu Dhabi 25026, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). 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