{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:16:23Z","timestamp":1771330583753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["BIA2017-86811-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIA2017-86811-C2-1-R"]}]},{"name":"the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["BIA2017-86811-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIA2017-86811-C2-2-R"]}]},{"name":"the Secretaria d\u2019 Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalunya, Spain","award":["2017 SGR 1482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 1482"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n del Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades grant and the Fondo Social Europeo grant","award":["PRE2018-083238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2018-083238"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, engineers are widely using accelerometers to record the vibration of structures for structural verification purposes. The main obstacle for using these data acquisition systems is their high cost, which limits its use to unique structures with a relatively high structural health monitoring budget. In this paper, a Cost Hyper-Efficient Arduino Product (CHEAP) has been developed to accurately measure structural accelerations. CHEAP is a system that is composed of five low-cost accelerometers that are connected to an Arduino microcontroller as their data acquisition system. Test results show that CHEAP not only has a significantly lower price (14 times cheaper in the worst-case scenario) compared with other systems used for comparison but also shows better accuracy on low frequencies for low acceleration amplitudes. Moreover, the final output results of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) assessments showed a better observable resolution for CHEAP than the studied control systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T21:47:11Z","timestamp":1631742431000},"page":"6191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Development of a Low-Cost System for the Accurate Measurement of Structural Vibrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedmilad","family":"Komarizadehasl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C\/Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Mobaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela s\/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Antonio","family":"Lozano-Galant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela s\/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5001-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Turmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C\/Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, October 09). Structurally Deficient Bridges. Bridge Infrastructure. ASCE\u2019s 2017 Infrastructure Report Card. Available online: https:\/\/www.infrastructurereportcard.org\/cat-item\/bridges\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2329","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2329","article-title":"What makes long-term monitoring convenient? A parametric analysis of value of information in infrastructure maintenance","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguero, M., Ozdagli, A., and Moreu, F. (2019). Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2). Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071549"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badura, M., Batog, P., Drzeniecka-Osiadacz, A., and Modzel, P. (2018). Evaluation of Low-Cost Sensors for Ambient PM2.5 Monitoring. J. Sens., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5096540"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Straub, D., Chatzi, E., Bismut, E., Courage, W., D\u00f6hler, M., Faber, M.H., K\u00f6hler, J., Lombaert, G., Omenzetter, P., and Pozzi, M. (2017, January 6\u201310). Value of information: A roadmap to quantifying the benefit of structural health monitoring. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Structural Safety & Reliability (ICOSSAR), Vienna, Austria. Available online: https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01577257."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Meng, X., Xing, Z., and Jiang, A. (2021). Digital Twin-Based Safety Risk Coupling of Prefabricated Building Hoisting. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113583"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020073","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002535","article-title":"Review of Bridge Structural Health Monitoring Aided by Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: From Condition Assessment to Damage Detection","volume":"146","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921720942836","article-title":"Vibration-based damage detection for bridges by deep convolutional denoising autoencoder","volume":"20","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Won, J., Shin, J., Park, J., Park, J.-W., Kim, S.-E., Jang, Y., and Kim, D. (2021). SSVM: An Ultra-Low-Power Strain Sensing and Visualization Module for Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062211"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Zhao, B., and Liu, B. (2019). Distance and Velocity Measurement of Coherent Lidar Based on Chirp Pulse Compression. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102313"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panah, R.S., and Kioumarsi, M. (2021). Application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the Health Monitoring and Maintenance Process: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030837"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.12.011","article-title":"Development and application of a wireless MEMS-based borehole inclinometer for automated measurement of ground movement","volume":"87","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.747.431","article-title":"Structural Interpretation of Data from Static and Dynamic Structural Health Monitoring of Monumental Buildings","volume":"747","author":"Baraccani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, X., Xia, Y., Lozano-Galant, J.A., and Sun, L. (2019). Traffic Sensing Methodology Combining Influence Line Theory and Computer Vision Techniques for Girder Bridges. J. Sens., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3409525"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, P., and Enshaeian, A. (2021). Challenges in Bridge Health Monitoring: A Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134336"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonelli, D., Luchetta, M., Rossi, F., Migliorino, P., and Zonta, D. (2020). Structural Health Monitoring Based on Acoustic Emissions: Validation on a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Tested to Failure. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247272"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2425","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2425","article-title":"Structural system identification by measurement error-minimizing observability method","volume":"26","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12004","article-title":"Application of Observability Techniques to Structural System Identification","volume":"28","author":"Nogal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2020.115368","article-title":"Constrained observability techniques for structural system identification using modal analysis","volume":"479","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:1(102)","article-title":"Dynamic Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network for Structural System Identification","volume":"132","author":"Adeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.10.006","article-title":"Framework for automated UAS-based structural condition assessment of bridges","volume":"97","author":"Morgenthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.10.025","article-title":"Real-time structural health monitoring of a supertall building under construction based on visual modal identification strategy","volume":"85","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, T., Nogal, M., Casas, J.R., and Turmo, J. (2021). Role of Sensors in Error Propagation with the Dynamic Constrained Observability Method. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092918"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2121","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2121","article-title":"Evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of a super tall building using data from ambient vibration and shake table tests by a Bayesian approach","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1583","article-title":"Effects of initial conditions in operational modal analysis","volume":"21","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015019","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000765","article-title":"Model Updating of Railway Bridge Using in Situ Dynamic Displacement Measurement under Trainloads","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2012.09.002","article-title":"Fatigue reliability assessment of steel bridge details integrating weigh-in-motion data and probabilistic finite element analysis","volume":"112\u2013113","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautschi, G. (2002). Piezoelectric Sensors. Piezoelectric Sensorics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04732-3"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31436","article-title":"Progression of the vibratory analysis technique by improving the piezoelectric sensor measurement accuracy","volume":"60","author":"Ghemari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cunha, A.A.M.F., and De Sa Caetano, E. (2020, October 14). Experimental Modal Analysis of Civil Engineering Structures. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio-aberto.up.pt\/bitstream\/10216\/67103\/2\/56957.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandpur, R.S. (2020). Accelerometer. Compendium of Biomedical Instrumentation, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119288190"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Looney, M. (2020, May 25). An Introduction to MEMS Vibration Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.mouser.com.gt\/pdfdocs\/intro-to-mems-vibration-monitoring.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 3713B112G Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/3713B112G.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Botz, M., Oberlaender, S., Raith, M., and Grosse, C.U. (2020, October 14). Monitoring of Wind Turbine Structures with Concrete-Steel Hybrid-Tower Design. Available online: http:\/\/www.ndt.net\/?id=19909."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 356B08 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/356B08.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keilpflug, F., Kamenzky, R., Alarc\u00f3n, D.J., Mallareddy, T.T., and Blaschke, P. (2020). Structural Health Monitoring on Industrial Structures Using a Combined Numerical and Experimental Approach, Society for Experimental Mechanics.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12684-1_27"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 356A45 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/356A45.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Handojo, V., Meddaikar, Y.M., Dillinger, J.K.S., Sodja, J., and de Breuker, R. (2020, October 14). Investigation of Gust Loads on a Flexible Forward Swept Wing. Available online: https:\/\/elib.dlr.de\/128008\/1\/IFASD-2019-093_Revised.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 356B18 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/356B18.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u0119bowski, K., Rucka, M., and Wilde, K. (2019). Non-Destructive Testing of a Sport Tribune under Synchronized Crowd-Induced Excitation Using Vibration Analysis. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132148"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"MMF (Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik in Radebeul e.K.) (2020, August 01). KS48C and KB12VD-MMF Data-Sheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.mmf.de\/pdf\/1-5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.09.206","article-title":"One-year monitoring of a reinforced concrete school building: Evolution of dynamic behavior during retrofitting works","volume":"199","author":"Pierdicca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 3711B1110G Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/3713B1110G.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"103","article-title":"Real-Time Low-Cost Wireless Reference-Free Displacement Sensing of Railroad Bridges","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Ozdagli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft\/Aerospace and Energy Harvesting"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e1n, J., D\u00edaz, I.M., Casado, C.M., Vasallo, A., Poncela, A.V., and Lorenzana, A. (2011, January 6\u20138). Environmental and crowd influence on the dynamic behaviour of an in-service footbridge. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Footbridge, Warsaw, Poland. Available online: https:\/\/structurae.net\/en\/literature\/conference-paper\/environmental-and-crowd-influence-on-the-dynamic-behaviour-of-an-in-service-footbridge."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 393b12 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/393B12.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Aguilar, R., Ramos, L., and Louren\u00e7o, P. (2009, January 4\u20136). Wireless sensor technology for structural health monitoring of historical masonry structures. Proceedings of the 3rd International Operational Modal Analysis Conference, Portonovo, Italy. Available online: http:\/\/repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt\/handle\/1822\/17535."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 393A03 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/393A03.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.071","article-title":"Dynamic elastic properties of brick masonry constituents","volume":"199","author":"Makoond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 352A24 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/352A24.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6585-0_44","article-title":"Detection of Structural Damage through Nonlinear Identification by Using Modal Testing","volume":"Volume 45","author":"Aykan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"PCB Piezotronics (2020, August 01). 352C33 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcb.com\/contentstore\/docs\/PCB_Corporate\/Vibration\/Products\/Manuals\/352C33.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109859","article-title":"Measuring bridge frequencies by a test vehicle in non-moving and moving states","volume":"203","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Analog Devices (2020, August 01). ADXL 335 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/datasheets\/Components\/SMD\/adxl335.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimmelsman, K.A., and Zolghadri, N. (2020). Experimental evaluation of low-cost accelerometers for dynamic characterization of bridges. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, Society for Experimental Mechanics.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12115-0_19"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"ST (2020, August 01). LIS344ALH Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.st.com\/resource\/en\/datasheet\/lis344alh.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girolami, A., Zonzini, F., De Marchi, L., Brunelli, D., and Benini, L. (2018, January 27\u201330). Modal Analysis of Structures with Low-cost Embedded Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351705"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-015-2741-y","article-title":"Smart-MEMS based inertial measurement units: Gyro-free approach to improve the grade","volume":"23","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"InvenSense (2020, August 01). MPU6050 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.invensense.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/MPU-6000-Datasheet1.pdf%0A."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1304","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9126-rbef-2017-0101","article-title":"On mechanical vibration analysis of a multi degree of freedom system based on arduino and MEMS accelerometers","volume":"40","author":"Varanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ensino Fis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2016.11.021","article-title":"Experimental validation of cost-effective vision-based structural health monitoring","volume":"88","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1802","article-title":"Design and performance tests of a LED-based two-dimensional wireless crack propagation sensor","volume":"23","author":"Man","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.01.034","article-title":"Low-cost, efficient wireless intelligent sensors (LEWIS) measuring real-time reference-free dynamic displacements","volume":"107","author":"Ozdagli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"National Instruments (2020, August 01). cRIO Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.ni.com\/pdf\/manuals\/376901a_02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"National Instruments (2020, August 01). NI-9234 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.ni.com\/pdf\/manuals\/374238a_02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jala.2006.07.012","article-title":"National Instruments LabVIEW: A Programming Environment for Laboratory Automation and Measurement","volume":"12","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6rig, A., Wettach, R., and Cohen, J. (2009, January 16\u201318). Fritzing\u2014A tool for advancing electronic prototyping for designers. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/1517664.1517735"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"InvenSense (2020, August 01). MPU 9250 Data-Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.sparkfun.com\/assets\/learn_tutorials\/5\/5\/0\/MPU9250REV1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balsky, M., Kozlok, M., and Bayer, R. (2018, January 18\u201320). Application of Arduino Platform for Light Field Analysis. Proceedings of the 7th Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), Trebic, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/LUMENV.2018.8521176"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Davis, N. (2020, August 01). An Introduction to Ground: Earth Ground, Common Ground, Analog Ground, and Digital Ground. Allaboutcircuits. Available online: https:\/\/www.allaboutcircuits.com\/technical-articles\/an-introduction-to-ground\/."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2015.1120197","article-title":"Mounting of accelerometers with structural adhesives: Experimental characterization of the dynamic response","volume":"93","author":"Cocconcelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Alliantech (2020, August 01). Accelerometer Mounting Considerations. Available online: http:\/\/www.alliantech.com\/pdf\/technique\/vibration_montage2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"INSTRON (2020, August 01). 8802 (250 kN) Fatigue Testing System. Available online: https:\/\/www.instron.co.hu\/-\/media\/literature-library\/products\/2013\/10\/8803-servohydraulic-fatigue-testing-system.pdf?la=hu-HU."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Instron (2020, August 03). WaveMatrix2 Dynamic Testing Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.instron.us\/-\/media\/literature-library\/products\/2018\/07\/wavematrix2-brochure.pdf?la=en-US."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/18\/6191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:22Z","timestamp":1760166022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/18\/6191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s21186191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21186191","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]}}}