{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:01:42Z","timestamp":1777658502361,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this manuscript, an optically passive fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation system able to perform high-frequency measurement is proposed. The idea is mainly based on the use of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device which is used to discriminate the fiber optic sensor (FOS) wavelength encoded response under test in function of its output channels. As made clear by the theoretical model studied in the proposed manuscript, the Bragg wavelength shift can be detected as in linear dependence with the proposed interrogation function which changes with the voltage produced by two (or more) adjacent AWG output channels. To prove the feasibility of the system, some experimental analyses are conducted with a custom electrical module characterized by high-speed and low-noise operational amplifiers. As static measurements, three FBGs with different full width at half maximum (FWHM) have been monitored under wide-range wavelength variation; while, as dynamic measurement, one FBG, glued onto a metal plate, in order to sense the vibration at low and high frequency, was detected. The output signals have been processed by a digital acquisition (DAQ) board and a graphical user interface (GUI). The presented work highlights the characteristics of the proposed idea as competitor among the entire class of interrogation systems currently used. This is because here, the main device, that is the AWG, is passive and reliable, without the need to use modulation signals, or moving parts, that affect the speed of the system. In addition, the innovative multi-channel detection algorithm allows the use of any type of FOS without the need to have a perfectly match of spectra. Moreover, it is also characterized by a high dynamic range without loss of sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"6214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Multichannel Approach for Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based FBG Interrogation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo Romano","family":"Marrazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fienga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Irace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Breglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/8\/4\/002","article-title":"In-fibre Bragg grating sensors","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618377","article-title":"Fiber grating sensors","volume":"15","author":"Kersey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Libish, T. (2015). Fiber Gratings: Basic Theory and Sensing Principle. [Ph.D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42625-9_9","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring Fiber Optic Sensors","volume":"21","author":"Loupos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Sens. Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.08.065","article-title":"Fibre Optic Sensors for the Structural Health Monitoring of Building Structures","volume":"26","author":"Bremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Higuera, J.M., Quintela, A., Madruga, F.J., Conde, O.M., Lomer, M., Quintela, M.A., Rodr\u00edguez, L., Cobo, A., and Mirapeix, J. (2010, January 21\u201325). Fiber optics in structural health monitoring. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC\/NFOEC), Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.876192"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-013-0140-5","article-title":"Structural health monitoring by using fiber-optic distributed strain sensors with high spatial resolution","volume":"3","author":"Murayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1981","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1981","article-title":"The MUSHA underactuated hand for robot-aided minimally invasive surgery","volume":"15","author":"Selvaggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot. Comput. Assist. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.06.042","article-title":"Fiber optic humidity sensors for high-energy physics applications at CERN","volume":"159","author":"Consales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03040","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/9\/03\/C03040","article-title":"Radiation hard polyimide-coated FBG optical sensors for relative humidity monitoring in the CMS experiment at CERN","volume":"9","author":"Makovec","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avino, S., D\u2019Avino, V., Giorgini, A., Pacelli, R., Liuzzi, R., Cella, L., Gagliardi, G., and De Natale, P. (2014, January 2\u20136). Radiation dosimetry with fiber Bragg gratings. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS2014), Santander, Spain.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2059067"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012082","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/278\/1\/012082","article-title":"Cryogenic test facility instrumentation with fiber optic and fiber optic sensors for testing superconducting accelerator magnets","volume":"278","author":"Chiuchiolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2019.105650","article-title":"A fiber optic sensors monitoring system for the central beam pipe of the CMS experiment","volume":"120","author":"Fienga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fienga, F., Beni, N., Breglio, G., Buontempo, S., Consales, M., Cusano, A., Gaddi, A., Irace, A., Giordano, M., and Szillasi, Z. (2016, January 5\u20138). Fibre optic sensors structural health monitoring of the central beam pipe in the CMS experiment at the CERN laboratories. Proceedings of the European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2016), Bilbao, Spain.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2015.0153"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fienga, F., Buontempo, S., Breglio, G., Cusano, A., Irace, A., Beni, N., Giordano, M., Szillasi, Z., Consales, M., and Gaddi, A. (2015, January 6\u20138). Fiber optic sensors structural monitoring of the beam pipe in the CMS experiment at the CERN. Proceedings of the 2015 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2015.0153"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3062458","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors as Innovative Monitoring Tool for Beam Induced RF Heating on LHC Beam Pipe","volume":"39","author":"Fienga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Chan, J.C.C. (2000). Interrogation of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors with a Tunable Laser Source. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic University]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/12\/7\/303","article-title":"A novel Bragg grating sensor interrogation system utilizing a scanning filter, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a 3\u00d73 coupler","volume":"12","author":"Todd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.001106","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating strain sensor demodulation with quadrature sampling of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"909","article-title":"Fiber Bragg sensor interrogation system based on a CCD spectrometer","volume":"2","author":"Alves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5412825","article-title":"Improved KLT Algorithm for High-Precision Wavelength Tracking of Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors","volume":"2017","author":"Tosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2276391","article-title":"High-Speed Interferometric FBG Interrogator Measurement Capability","volume":"31","author":"Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2007.915638","article-title":"A New Fiber-Bragg-Grating Sensor Interrogation System Deploying Free-Spectral-Range-Matching Scheme with High Precision and Fast Detection Rate","volume":"20","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Saito, T., Nara, K., Nekado, Y., Hasegawa, J., and Kashihara, K. (2003, January 23). 100 GHz-32 ch athermal AWG with extremely low temperature dependency of center wavelength. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrazzo, V.R., Riccio, M., Maresca, L., Irace, A., and Breglio, G. (2019, January 15\u201318). Wide range AWG-based fbg interrogation system with improved sensitivity. Proceedings of the PRIME 2019\u201415th Conference on Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics and Electronics, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRIME.2019.8787793"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37277-4_30","article-title":"Simulation of an Optical-to-Digital Converter for High Frequency FBG Interrogator","volume":"627","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., and Liu, X. (2009, January 2\u20136). Fiber Bragg grating sensors interrogation system using arrayed waveguide gratings demultiplexer. Proceedings of the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1364\/ACP.2009.WL27"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2004.830780","article-title":"Performance Analysis of the Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation System Based on an Arrayed Waveguide Grating","volume":"53","author":"Niewczas","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.924899","article-title":"Nonlinearity Compensation of the Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation System Based on an Arrayed Waveguide Grating","volume":"57","author":"Fusiek","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2003.821480","article-title":"Dynamic Strain Measurement Using an Extrinsic Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometric Sensor and an Arrayed Waveguide Grating Device","volume":"53","author":"Willshire","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4990","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3083061","article-title":"Full Analog Fiber Optic Monitoring System Based on Arrayed Waveguide Grating","volume":"39","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, S., Yuan, P., Zhuang, W., Zhang, D., Luo, F., and Zhu, L. (2021). SOI-Based Multi-Channel AWG with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Interrogation System. Photonics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics8060214"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Abdelsalam, A.M., Langlois, J.M.P., and Cheriet, F. (May, January 30). A configurable FPGA implementation of the Tanh function using DCT interpolation. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), Napa, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/18\/6214\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:47Z","timestamp":1760166047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/18\/6214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s21186214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21186214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]}}}