{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:20:09Z","timestamp":1760235609734,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["2019JJ20023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JJ20023"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["11974427, 12004431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11974427, 12004431"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser","award":["SKL-2020-ZR05; SKL2021ZR01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL-2020-ZR05; SKL2021ZR01"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province","award":["CX20200046, CX20190027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20200046, CX20190027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we studied the basic characteristics of tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs), inscribed line-by-line. Experimental results showed that if the TFBGs were located within different planes parallel to the fiber axis, the spectra performed differently. For 2\u00b0TFBG, if it was located near the central plane, the Bragg resonance was stronger than ghost mode resonance, and the order reversed if it was located near the boundary between core and cladding. As the tilted angle increased, the range of cladding mode resonance increased. When the tilted angle was larger than 12\u00b0, the birefringence effect was observed. Based on the birefringence phenomenon, torsion characteristics were experimentally studied; the sensitivity was about 0.025 dB\/degree in the linear variation range. The harmonic order of TFBGs also affected the transmission spectrum. Leaky mode resonance was observed in the 8th order TFBG, and torsion (or polarization) influenced the spectrum of the 8th order TFBG. Our research represented the theory of line-by-line inscribed TFBGs and provided an inscription guidance for TFBGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"6237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fabrication and Characterization of Line-by-Line Inscribed Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings Using Femtosecond Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hongye","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binyu","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baiyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201100039","article-title":"Tilted fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-010-0016-x","article-title":"Tilted fiber Bragg gratings: Principle and sensing applications","volume":"1","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23684","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.023684","article-title":"Fabrication of high-temperature tilted fiber Bragg gratings using a femtosecond laser","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. 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