{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T04:51:40Z","timestamp":1769057500264,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42072314; 42177147 and 41807271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072314; 42177147 and 41807271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC501304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC501304"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014T70758, 2012M521500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014T70758, 2012M521500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Communications Construction Company Second Highway Consultant Co., Ltd.","award":["KJFZ-2018-049-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJFZ-2018-049-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seasonally frozen soil where uneven freeze\u2013thaw damage is a major cause of highway deterioration has attracted increased attention in China with the rapid development of infrastructure projects. Based on Darcy\u2019s law of unsaturated soil seepage and heat conduction, the thermal\u2013hydraulic\u2013mechanical (THM) coupling model is established considering a variety of effects (i.e., ice\u2013water phase transition, convective heat transfer, and ice blocking effect), and then the numerical solution of thermal\u2013hydraulic fields of subgrade can be obtained. Then, a new concept, namely degree of freeze\u2013thaw damage, is proposed by using the standard deviation of the ice content of subgrade during the annual freeze\u2013thaw cycle. To analyze the freeze\u2013thaw characteristics of highway subgrade, the model is applied in the monitored section of the Golmud to Nagqu portion of China National Highway G109. The results show that: (1) The hydrothermal field of subgrade has an obvious sunny\u2013shady slopes effect, and its transverse distribution is not symmetrical; (2) the freeze\u2013thaw damage area of subgrade obviously decreased under the insulation board measure; (3) under the combined anti-frost measures, the maximum frost heave amount of subgrade is significantly reduced. This study will provide references for the design of highway subgrades in seasonally frozen soil areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"6251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Freezing-Thawing Damage Characterization Method for Highway Subgrade in Seasonally Frozen Regions Based on Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Coupling Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazards of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"China Communications Construction Company Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazards of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Communications Construction Company Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China"}]},{"given":"Xianzhi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Communications Construction Company Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China"}]},{"given":"Fengguang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Communications Construction Company Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazards of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7219826","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7219826","article-title":"A Coupled Thermo-Hydromechanical Model of Soil Slope in Seasonally Frozen Regions under Freeze-Thaw Action","volume":"2018","author":"Zhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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