{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:21:42Z","timestamp":1760235702730,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an analog front-end for fine-dust detection systems with a 77-dB-wide dynamic range and a dual-mode ultra-low noise TIA with 142-dB\u2126 towards the maximum gain. The required high sensitivity of the analog signal conditioning path dictates having a high sensitivity at the front-end while the Input-Referred Noise (IRN) is kept low. Therefore, a TIA with a high sensitivity to detected current bio-signals is provided by a photodiode module. The analog front end is formed by the TIA, a DC-Offset Cancellation (DCOC) circuit, a Single-to-Differential Amplifier (SDA), and two Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGAs). Gain adjustment is implemented by a coarse-gain-step using selective loads with four different gain values and fine-gain steps by 42 dB dynamic range during 16 fine steps. The settling time of the TIA is compensated using a capacitive compensation which is applied for the last stage. An off-state circuitry is proposed to avoid any off-current leakage. This TIA is designed in a 0.18 \u00b5m standard CMOS technology. Post-layout simulations show a high gain operation with a 67 dB dynamic range, input-referred noise, less than 600 fA\/\u221aHz in low frequencies, and less than 27 fA\/\u221aHz at 20 kHz, a minimum detectable current signal of 4 pA, and a 2.71 mW power consumption. After measuring the full path of the analog signal conditioning path, the experimental results of the fabricated chip show a maximum gain of 142 dB for the TIA. The Single-to-Differential Amplifier delivers a differential waveform with a unity gain. The PGA1 and PGA2 show a maximum gain of 6.7 dB and 6.3 dB, respectively. The full-path analog front-end shows a wide dynamic range of up to 77 dB in the measurement results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"6360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A 77-dB Dynamic-Range Analog Front-End for Fine-Dust Detection Systems with Dual-Mode Ultra-Low Noise TIA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Reza E.","family":"Rad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5852-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKAIChips Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed-Ali H.","family":"Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKAIChips Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khuram","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deeksha","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"given":"SungJin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKAIChips Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9230-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behnam S.","family":"Rikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKAIChips Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"given":"YoungGun","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKAIChips Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"given":"Joon Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8074-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keum Cheol","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"given":"Youngoo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kang-Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKAIChips Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, September 22). 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