{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:00:16Z","timestamp":1781582416502,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCS-FO 1734744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCS-FO 1734744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018261398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018261398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-14-1-0398NIFTI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-14-1-0398NIFTI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological mechanosensation has been a source of inspiration for advancements in artificial sensory systems. Animals rely on sensory feedback to guide and adapt their behaviors and are equipped with a wide variety of sensors that carry stimulus information from the environment. Hair and hair-like sensors have evolved to support survival behaviors in different ecological niches. Here, we review the diversity of biological hair and hair-like sensors across the animal kingdom and their roles in behaviors, such as locomotion, exploration, navigation, and feeding, which point to shared functional properties of hair and hair-like structures among invertebrates and vertebrates. By reviewing research on the role of biological hair and hair-like sensors in diverse species, we aim to highlight biological sensors that could inspire the engineering community and contribute to the advancement of mechanosensing in artificial systems, such as robotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"6375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Mechanosensory Hairs and Hair-like Structures in the Animal Kingdom: Specializations and Shared Functions Serve to Inspire Technology Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittney L.","family":"Boublil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarice Anna","family":"Diebold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia F.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145803","article-title":"Self-Organization, Embodiment, and Biologically Inspired Robotics","volume":"318","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/443525a","article-title":"Robotic whiskers used to sense features","volume":"443","author":"Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2002562","article-title":"Artificial Whiskers Suitable for Array Implementation: Accounting for Lateral Slip and Surface Friction","volume":"24","author":"Solomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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