{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T07:04:48Z","timestamp":1763535888072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a novel ring-down suppression system based on transfer function is proposed for the first time to suppress the ring-down time and decrease the blind area of PMUTs (Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers). This suppression system includes a transfer function and a simple P (proportion) controller, which can reduce the ring-down time without degrading any performances of PMUTs. The transfer function serves as a virtual PMUT device, feeding its output into the P controller; then, the P controller generates a suppression signal to the actual PMUT device. The ring-down time of a 115-kHz PMUT array is demonstrated to be reduced by up to 93% through the suppression system. In addition, the P controller has been experimentally optimized, reducing the blind area of the PMUT array by about 40%. Moreover, a low ring-down PMUTs system design guideline is established, which is practical and straightforward for industrial scenarios. Finally, the system can be easily integrated into ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"6414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Novel Transfer Function Based Ring-Down Suppression System for PMUTs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"The Shanghai Industrial \u03bcTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 201899, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3820-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shanghai Industrial \u03bcTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 201899, China"}]},{"given":"Songsong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shanghai Industrial \u03bcTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 201899, China"}]},{"given":"Yuandong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shanghai Industrial \u03bcTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 201899, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tovstopyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shanghai Industrial \u03bcTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 201899, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2157490","article-title":"In-air rangefinding with an aln piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer","volume":"11","author":"Przybyla","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przybyla, R., Izyumin, I., Kline, M., Boser, B., Shelton, S., Guedes, A., and Horsley, D. (2010, January 1\u20134). An ultrasonic rangefinder based on an AlN piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Sensors Conference, Kona, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2010.5690777"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przybyla, R.J., Shelton, S.E., Guedes, A., Krigel, R., Horsley, D.A., and Boser, B.E. (2012, January 3\u20137). In-air ultrasonic rangefinding and angle estimation using an array of AlN micromachined transducers. Proceedings of the Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.31438\/trf.hh2012.14"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Ju, X., Lu, J., and Men, B. (2017). Acoustic emission and echo signal compensation techniques applied to an ultrasonic logging-while-drilling caliper. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061351"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Przybyla, R.J. (2013). Ultrasonic 3D rangefinder on a chip. Doctor of Philosophy, University of California Berkeley."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Roberto, M. (2019). Modeling and characterization of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT). Master of Science, University of California Davis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, B.A., Edstrand, A.M., Yen, S., and Reger, R.W. (2018, January 22\u201325). Post-CMOS compatible piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducers. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2018.8580000"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y. (2015). Modeling, fabrication and characterization of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer arrays. Master of Science, University of California Davis.","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2014.2387154"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/aa851b","article-title":"Review of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers and their applications","volume":"27","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JECR.0000034004.99355.8b","article-title":"Micromachined ultrasonic transducers and acoustic sensors based on piezoelectric thin films","volume":"12","author":"Muralt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electroceram."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horsley, D.A., Rozen, O., Lu, Y., Shelton, S., Guedes, A., Przybyla, R., Tang, H., and Boser, B.E. (2015, January 1\u20134). Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers for human-machine interfaces and biometric sensing. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Sensors, Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2015.7370564"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2007.216","article-title":"Effects of a parallel resistor on electrical characteristics of a piezoelectric transformer in open-circuit transient state","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-624X(03)00149-5","article-title":"Improving the transient response of a bolt-clamped Langevin transducer using a parallel resistor","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2006.03.008","article-title":"Reduction of blind zone in ultrasonic transmitter\/receiver transducers","volume":"133","author":"Hernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Bai, P., Luo, Z., Zhang, W., and Zhou, G. (2016, January 13\u201315). Ultrasonic distance measuring system without blind area. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPROCESS.2016.7888338"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.08.039","article-title":"Reducing ring-down time of pMUTs with phase shift of driving waveform","volume":"281","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chen, X., Le, X., Xu, Z., Wu, C., and Xie, J. (2018, January 22\u201326). Optimization of pMUTs driving waveform based on phase delay to reduce attenuation vibration. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 13th Annual International Conference on Nano\/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/NEMS.2018.8556895"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pala, S., Shao, Z., Peng, Y., and Lin, L. (2021, January 25\u201329). Improved ring-down time and axial resolution of PMUTs via a phase-shift excitation scheme. Proceedings of the 34th IEEE International conference on micro electro mechanical systems, Gainesville, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMS51782.2021.9375227"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2018.2797684","article-title":"Effects of DC bias tuning on air-coupled PZT piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers","volume":"27","author":"Kusano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusano, Y., Wang, Q., Rudy, R.Q., Polcawich, R.G., and Horsley, D.A. (2017;, January 22\u201326). Wideband air-coupled PZT piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer through dc bias tuning. Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro. Mechanical Systems, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSYS.2017.7863632"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, Z., Hu, H., Wu, Z., Xie, S., Chen, G., Zhang, S., Lou, L., and Liu, H. (2021). An ultrasonic proximity sensing skin for robot safety control by using piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs). IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPT52650.2021.9567942"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2017.2703606","article-title":"Ultrasonic fingerprint sensor with transmit beamforming based on a PMUT array bonded to CMOS circuitry","volume":"64","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00612-w","article-title":"Decoding of facial strains via conformable piezoelectric interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/10584580590964574","article-title":"Design considerations for MEMS-scale piezoelectric mechanical vibration energy harvesters","volume":"71","author":"Dutoit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Integr. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.10.043","article-title":"A comparison between several vibration-powered piezoelectric generators for standalone systems","volume":"126","author":"Lefeuvre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator. A-Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sina, A. (2016). Curved and bimorph piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT). Doctor of Philosophy, University of California Berkeley."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:05Z","timestamp":1760166305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s21196414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21196414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]}}}