{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T02:48:09Z","timestamp":1777344489528,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents methods of long range distance measurements using pulsed lasers and the Time of Flight principle. Various algorithms of laser distance measurements with digital acquisition of echo pulses (acquisition of a signal\u2019s full waveform) are presented. The main focus of work is concentrated on the method of distance measurements developed by the authors. With this method, during laboratory trials, a total measurement error of one centimeter was achieved using a 905 nm pulsed laser diode and pulse width of 39 ns. The maximum range of measurements with such high precision is limited only by a signal to noise ratio, duration of measurements and atmospheric conditions. All algorithms were implemented in a laser rangefinder module developed by the authors. Simulations and laboratory experiments were conducted and algorithm\u2019s accuracy and precision were tested for various SNR conditions and changing distances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"6426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Methods of Precise Distance Measurements for Laser Rangefinders with Digital Acquisition of Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Muzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Zygmunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4975-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Knysak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Jakubaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1015914","article-title":"Measurement of vehicles speed with full waveform lidar","volume":"Volume 10159","author":"Muzal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laser Technology 2016: Progress and Applications of Lasers"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Laserowy miernik pr\u0119dko\u015bci pojazd\u00f3w","volume":"57","author":"Muzal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elektronika"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"82681C","article-title":"Indirect time-of-flight 3D ranging based on SPADs","volume":"Volume 8268","author":"Villa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IX"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Li, L. (2014). Time-of-Flight Camera\u2014An Introduction, Texas Instruments. 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Opt."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6426\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:26Z","timestamp":1760166326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s21196426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21196426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]}}}