{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:49:33Z","timestamp":1781891373864,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBS3\/B9\/29\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBS3\/B9\/29\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a camera-based prototype sensor for detecting fatigue and drowsiness in drivers, which are common causes of road accidents. The evaluation of the detector operation involved eight professional truck drivers, who drove the truck simulator twice\u2014i.e., when they were rested and drowsy. The Fatigue Symptoms Scales (FSS) questionnaire was used to assess subjectively perceived levels of fatigue, whereas the percentage of eye closure time (PERCLOS), eye closure duration (ECD), and frequency of eye closure (FEC) were selected as eye closure-associated fatigue indicators, determined from the images of drivers\u2019 faces captured by the sensor. Three alternative models for subjective fatigue were used to analyse the relationship between the raw score of the FSS questionnaire, and the eye closure-associated indicators were estimated. The results revealed that, in relation to the subjective assessment of fatigue, PERCLOS is a significant predictor of the changes observed in individual subjects during the performance of tasks, while ECD reflects the individual differences in subjective fatigue occurred both between drivers and in individual drivers between the \u2018rested\u2019 and \u2018drowsy\u2019 experimental conditions well. No relationship between the FEC index and the FSS state scale was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"6449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evaluation of a Fatigue Detector Using Eye Closure-Associated Indicators Acquired from Truck Drivers in a Simulator Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1816-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Dziuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aviation Psychology, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Murawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Teleinformatics and Cybersecurity, Faculty of Cybernetics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Dziwosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Krej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Piotrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Simulator Studies and Aeromedical Training, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Stablewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Otolaryngology, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wojdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Otolaryngology, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasi\u0144skiego 54\/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5044-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u0142odzimierz","family":"Strus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, W\u00f3ycickiego 1\/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henryk","family":"Gasiul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, W\u00f3ycickiego 1\/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kosobudzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, \u015bw. 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