{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:31:09Z","timestamp":1777609869226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/M009092\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/M009092\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S003436\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S003436\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V000969\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V000969\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Universities Grant","award":["12300030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12300030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61975027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the transmission performances of 600 Gbit\/s PM-64QAM WDM signals over 75.6 km of single-mode fibre (SMF) using EDFA, discrete Raman, hybrid Raman\/EDFA, and first-order or second-order (dual-order) distributed Raman amplifiers. Our numerical simulations and experimental results showed that the simple first-order distributed Raman scheme with backward pumping delivered the best transmission performance among all the schemes, notably better than the expected second-order Raman scheme, which gave a flatter signal power variation along the fibre. Using the first-order backward Raman pumping scheme demonstrated a better balance between the ASE noise and fibre nonlinearity and gave an optimal transmission performance over a relatively short distance of 75 km SMF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"6521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Raman Amplification Optimization in Short-Reach High Data Rate Coherent Transmission Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Asif","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BT Applied Research, Adastral Park, Ipswich IP5 3RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1683-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Infinera Pennsylvania, 7360 Windsor Dr, Allentown, PA 18106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Krzczanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian. D.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wladek","family":"Forysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.004372","article-title":"Quasi-lossless transmission using second-order Raman amplification and fibre Bragg gratings","volume":"12","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. 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