{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:25:21Z","timestamp":1772637921093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51805201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51805201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Faw-volkswagen China Environmental Protection Foundation Automobile Environmental pro-tection Innovation Leading Program","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20211069KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20211069KJ"]}]},{"name":"International Clean Energy Talent Program (iCET2019) of China Scholarship Council","award":["201904100052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201904100052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Constrained by traditional fuel-saving technologies that have almost reached the limit of fuel-saving potential, the difficulty in changing urban congestion, and the low market penetration rate of new energy vehicles, in the short term, eco-driving seems to be an effective way to achieve energy-saving and emissions reduction in the transportation industry. This paper reviews the energy-saving theory and technology of eco-driving, eco-driving capability evaluation, and the practical application of eco-driving, and points out some limitations of previous studies. Specifically, the research on eco-driving theory mostly focuses on a single vehicle in a single scene, and there is a lack of eco-driving research for fleets or regions. In addition, the parameters used to evaluate eco-driving capabilities mainly focus on speed, acceleration, and fuel consumption, but external factors that are not related to the driver will affect these parameters, making the evaluation results unreasonable. Fortunately, vehicle big data and the Internet of Vehicles (V2I) provides an information basis for solving regional eco-driving, and it also provides a data basis for the study of data-driven methods for the fair evaluation of eco-driving. In general, the development of new technologies provides new ideas for solving some problems in the field of eco-driving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"6547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["An Overview of Eco-Driving Theory, Capability Evaluation, and Training Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122646","article-title":"An analysis of additional energy requirement to meet the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"272","author":"Simsek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2020.104865","article-title":"Implications of near-term mitigation on China\u2019s long-term energy transitions for aligning with the Paris goals","volume":"90","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.7225\/toms.v04.n02.003","article-title":"Improving Energy Efficiency by Advanced Traffic Control Systems","volume":"4","author":"Vidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Marit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"U.S. (2021, July 31). Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector, Available online: https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/content\/us-consumption-energy-primary-sources-sector-quadrillion-btu."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, July 31). China Statistical Yearbook, \u201cNational Bureau of Statistics of the People\u2019s Republic of China,\u201d 2020, Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj.\/ndsj\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, July 31). Statistical Pocketbook 2020: Energy and Environment. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/sites\/default\/files\/pb2020-part3.xlsx."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.09.008","article-title":"A review of vehicle fuel consumption models to evaluate eco-driving and eco-routing","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2011.01.011","article-title":"A comparative analysis of several vehicle emission models for road freight transportation","volume":"16","author":"Demir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2008.01.005","article-title":"The effects of route choice decisions on vehicle energy consumption and emissions","volume":"13","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1021\/es702493v","article-title":"Fuel Use and Emissions Comparisons for Alternative Routes, Time of Day, Road Grade, and Vehicles Based on In-Use Measurements","volume":"42","author":"Frey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2172869","article-title":"A New Approach for Co-Operative Bus Priority at Traffic Signals","volume":"13","author":"Hounsell","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Tielert, T., Killat, M., Hartenstein, H., Luz, R., Hausberger, S., and Benz, T. (December, January 29). The impact of traffic-light-to-vehicle communication on fuel consumption and emissions. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet of Things IEEE(IOT), Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3141\/2139-03","article-title":"Impacts of Road Grade on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Evidenced by Use of Advanced Navigation Systems","volume":"2139","author":"Boriboonsomsin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2006.12.003","article-title":"Long-term effects of training in economical driving: Fuel consumption, accidents, driver acceleration behavior and technical feedback","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2012.11.003","article-title":"Corrigendum on the paper \u201cUsing on-board data logging devices to study the longer-term impact of an eco-driving course\u201d","volume":"19","author":"Degraeuwe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102007","article-title":"Can active follow-ups and carrots make eco-driving stick? Findings from a controlled experiment among truck drivers in Norway","volume":"75","author":"Pinchasik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M.-C., Yeh, C.-T., and Wang, Y.-S. (2020). Eco-driving for urban bus with big data analytics. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02287-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2019.1615486","article-title":"Development and analysis of eco-driving metrics for naturalistic instrumented vehicles","volume":"25","author":"Tanvir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2112648","article-title":"Ecological Vehicle Control on Roads With Up-Down Slopes","volume":"12","author":"Kamal","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorrofi, S., Filizadeh, S., and Zanetel, P. (2009, January 7\u201311). A simulation study of the impact of driving patterns and driver behavior on fuel economy of hybrid transit buses. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC, Dearborn, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2009.5289796"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Du, J. (2017). Research on Eco-Mode of Hybrid Powertrain Based on Working Cycles and Drivers\u2019 Operating Types. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Tsinghua University]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"101407","article-title":"Can electric vehicle drivers be persuaded to eco-drive? A field study of feedback, gamification and financial rewards in Germany","volume":"63","author":"Kacperski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.05.030","article-title":"Eco-driving technology for sustainable road transport: A review","volume":"93","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2000.10464041","article-title":"On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Driving Conditions","volume":"50","author":"Tong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:1(23)","article-title":"Impact of Stops on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions","volume":"129","author":"Rakha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bai, X. (2011). Research on Driving Energy-Saving Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chang\u2019an University]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.12.033","article-title":"A review of recent research on green road freight transportation","volume":"237","author":"Demir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2004.09.002","article-title":"Comparative field evaluation of vehicle cruise speed and acceleration level impacts on hot stabilized emissions.","volume":"10","author":"Ahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2008.09.002","article-title":"Modelling of the fuel consumption for passenger cars regarding driving characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.07.014","article-title":"Eco-driving advisory strategies for a platoon of mixed gasoline and electric vehicles in a connected vehicle system","volume":"63","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Tu, H. (2018). Energy consumption analysis for pure electric vehicle based on driving behaviors. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Beijing Institute of Technology University]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-090X(00)00038-3","article-title":"A prototype fuel-efficiency support tool","volume":"9","author":"Dougherty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technologies."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Final Report on the Fuel Saving Effectiveness of Various Driver Feedback Approaches","volume":"5","author":"Gonder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contract"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2016.1262928","article-title":"Criti-cal aggressive acceleration values and models for fuel consumption when starting and driving a passenger car running on LPG","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transport."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Xu, S. (2016). Strategy identification and operation rules of vehicular economical driving. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tsinghua University]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(76)90079-0","article-title":"Vehicle cruise: Improved fuel economy by periodic control","volume":"12","author":"Gilbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"192","article-title":"Energy-saving potential of pulse and gliding (PnG) driving strategy for battery electric vehicles","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Automot. Saf. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eo, J.S., Kim, S.J., Oh, J., Chung, Y.K., and Chang, Y.J. (2018). A Development of Fuel Saving Driving Technique for Parallel HEV. SAE Tech. Papers.","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-1006"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2495\/UT080391","article-title":"Long-term effect of eco-driving education on fuel consumption using an on-board logging device","volume":"101","author":"Beusen","year":"2008","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2009.05.009","article-title":"Using on-board logging devices to study the longer-term impact of an eco-driving course","volume":"14","author":"Beusen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.07.008","article-title":"Do effects of theoretical training and rewards for energy-efficient behavior persist over time and interact? A natural field experiment on eco-driving in a company fleet","volume":"97","author":"Schall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Effects of eco-driving training: A pilot program in Belgrade public transport","volume":"26","author":"Pitka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tehnicki Vjesnik"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2012.12.001","article-title":"A methodology for assessing eco-cruise control for passenger vehicles","volume":"19","author":"Saerens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstr\u00f6m, E., Fr\u00f6berg, A., and Nielsen, L. (2006, January 3\u20136). A real-time fuel-optimal cruise controller for heavy trucks using road topography in-formation. Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition, Detroit, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-0008"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"439","article-title":"Look-ahead control for heavy trucks to minimize trip time and fuel con-sumption","volume":"5","author":"Ivarsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Amato, A., Donatantonio, F., Arsie, I., and Pianese, C. (2017, January 4\u20136). Development of a Cruise Controller Based on Current Road Load In-formation with Integrated Control of Variable Velocity Set-Point and Gear Shifting. Proceedings of the WCX\u2122 17: SAE World Congress Experience, Detroit, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-01-0089"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Rozkvas, N., and Lazar, M. (2020). Driving Mode Optimization for Hybrid Trucks Using Road and Traffic Preview Data. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13205341"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Shen, D.L., Karbowski, D., and Rousseau, A. (2018, January 20\u201322). Driving mode optimization for hybrid trucks using road and traffic preview data. Proceedings of the 5th International-Federation-of-Automatic-Control (IFAC) Conference on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling (E-COSM), Changchun, China."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2013.05.004","article-title":"Calculation of the minimum-fuel driving control based on Pontryagin\u2019s maximum principle","volume":"24","author":"Saerens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043117","article-title":"Synthesis of Pontryagin\u2019s Maximum Principle Analysis for Speed Profile Optimization of All-Electric Vehicles","volume":"141","author":"Abbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control. Trans. ASME."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passenberg, B., Kock, P., and Stursberg, O. (2009, January 23\u201326). Combined time and fuel optimal driving of trucks based on a hybrid model. Proceedings of the European Control Conference, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.23919\/ECC.2009.7075185"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2009.12.008","article-title":"Design of an efficient algorithm for fuel-optimal look-ahead control","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Control. Eng. Pr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202886","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3036719","article-title":"Model-Based Reinforcement Learning for Eco-Driving Control of Electric Vehicles","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3141\/1738-07","article-title":"Requirements for Evaluating Traffic Signal Control Impacts on Energy and Emissions Based on Instantaneous Speed and Acceleration Measurements","volume":"1738","author":"Rakha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3141\/2189-11","article-title":"Energy and Emission Benefit Comparison of Stationary and In-Vehicle Advanced Driving Alert Systems","volume":"2189","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2010.2047860","article-title":"Predictive Cruise Control: Utilizing Upcoming Traffic Signal Information for Improving Fuel Economy and Reducing Trip Time","volume":"19","author":"Asadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2968120","article-title":"Optimal Eco-Driving Control of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Through Signalized Intersections","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2319812","article-title":"Cloud-Based Velocity Profile Optimization for Everyday Driving: A Dynamic-Programming-Based Solution","volume":"15","author":"Ozatay","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2977882","article-title":"Incorporating Driver Preferences into Eco-Driving Assistance Systems Using Optimal Control","volume":"22","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1049\/itr2.12047","article-title":"Real-time predictive eco-driving assistance considering road geometry and long-range radar measurements","volume":"15","author":"Fleming","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Systems"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2009.01.004","article-title":"Energy and emissions impacts of a freeway-based dynamic eco-driving system","volume":"14","author":"Barth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arooj, A., Farooq, M.S., Akram, A., Iqbal, R., Sharma, A., and Dhiman, G. (2021). Big Data Processing and Analysis in Internet of Vehicles: Architecture, Taxonomy, and Open Research Challenges. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng., 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09607-5"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-018-3687-z","article-title":"Service-Level Agreement\u2014Energy Cooperative Quickest Ambulance Routing for Critical Healthcare Services","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2005.08.002","article-title":"A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation","volume":"25","author":"Abrahamse","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.62.4.363","article-title":"Feedback as a means of decreasing residential energy consumption","volume":"62","author":"Seligman","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2013.843737","article-title":"Ef-fect of Driving Behavior and Vehicle Characteristics on Energy Consumption of Road Vehicles Running on Alternative Energy Sources","volume":"9","author":"Larusdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transportation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(01)00003-7","article-title":"Independent driving pattern factors and their influence on fuel-use and exhaust emission factors","volume":"6","author":"Ericsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHVS.2006.009117","article-title":"Impact of driving styles on exhaust emissions and fuel economy from a heavy-duty truck: Laboratory tests","volume":"13","author":"Rafael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Heavy Veh. Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Fonseca, N., Casanova, J., and Espinosa, F. (2010, January 9). Influence of Driving Style on Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Diesel- Powered Passenger Car. Proceedings of the the 18th International Symposium Transport and Air Pollution, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.607","article-title":"An Investigation of Fuel Economy Potential of Hybrid Vehicles under Real-World Driving Conditions in Bangkok","volume":"79","author":"Pitanuwat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Murphey, Y., Milton, R., and Kiliaris, L. (April, January 30). Driver\u2019s style classification using jerk analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Vehicles and Vehicular Systems, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2248058","article-title":"An optimization framework for driver feedback systems","volume":"14","author":"Malikopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Systems"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2010.0137","article-title":"Impact of driving characteristics on electric vehicle energy consumption and range","volume":"6","author":"Bingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118796070","article-title":"Effect of Light Duty Vehicle Performance on a Driving Style Metric","volume":"2672","author":"Tanvir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"41","article-title":"Taxi driver ecological driving behavior evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-05823-z","article-title":"Evaluation of professional driver\u2019s eco-driving skills based on type-2 fuzzy logic model","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-016-0017-x","article-title":"Comparative study between Korea and UK: Relationship between driving style and real-world fuel consumption","volume":"17","author":"Son","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2016.0065","article-title":"Comparing fuel consumption based on normalised driving behaviour: A case study on major cities in China","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114471","article-title":"Energy oriented driving behavior analysis and personalized prediction of vehicle states with joint time series modeling","volume":"261","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1321","article-title":"The effects of bus driver\u2019s behavior on fuel consumption and its evaluation indicator","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Auto-Motiv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Sun, W., Li, Y., and Shi, L. (2019, January 27\u201330). On the Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Driving Behavior of Electric Vehicles Based on Statistical Features. Proceedings of the 38th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2019.8866414"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Wu, Y. (2017). Research on Eco-Driving Behavior Characteristics Identification and Feedback Optimization Method. [Ph.D. Thesis, Beijing University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Driver\u2019s Eco-Driving Behavior Evaluation Modeling Based on Driving Events","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Xu, S. (2015). The Study of Assessment Methods on Vehicle Operation Monitoring System about the Influence of the Drivers\u2019 Behaviors to Driving Safety and Energy Saving. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chang\u2019an University]."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2021, July 29). G-BOS Smart Operation System Strikes Out. Available online: https:\/\/www.chinabuses.com\/topic\/higer201007\/."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119853561","article-title":"Method for Evaluating Eco-Driving Behaviors Based on Vehicle Specific Power Distributions","volume":"2673","author":"Zang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.01.023","article-title":"Applying energy approach in the evaluation of eco-driving skill and eco-driving training of truck drivers","volume":"62","author":"Zavalko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrieu, C., and Pierre, G.S. (2012, January 3\u20137). Using statistical models to characterize eco-driving style with an aggregated indicator. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium (IV), Alcala de Henares, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232197"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Park, J., and Lee, J. (2021). Fuel Economy Improvement of Urban Buses with Development of an Eco-Drive Scoring Algorithm Using Machine Learning. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14154471"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0802-7","article-title":"Driving behavior modeling and evalution for bus enter and leave stop process","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Kedar-Dongarkar, G., and Das, M. (2012, January 19\u201322). Driving Classification for Optimization of Energy Usage in a Vehicle. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Systems Engineering Research, CSER, St. Louis, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102866","article-title":"An eco-score system incorporating driving be-havior, vehicle characteristics, and traffic conditions","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castignani, G., Frank, R., and Engel, T. (2013, January 7\u201310). An evaluation study of driver profiling fuzzy algorithms using smartphones. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, ICNP, Gottingen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2013.6733681"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2016.12.018","article-title":"Eco-driving training and fuel consumption: Impact, heterogeneity and sustainability","volume":"62","author":"Barla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.12.017","article-title":"Evaluation of eco-driving training for vehicle fuel use and emission reduction: A case study in Australia","volume":"60","author":"Jeffreys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2007.05.002","article-title":"Training urban bus drivers to promote smart driving: A note on a Greek eco-driving pilot program","volume":"12","author":"Zarkadoula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"265","article-title":"Effects of Eco-Drive Education on the Reduction of Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions","volume":"25","author":"Zovak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Promet. Traffic Transp."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.10.021","article-title":"Eco-driving: An overlooked climate change initiative","volume":"38","author":"Barkenbus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI150219160B","article-title":"Positive effects of eco-driving in public transport: A case study of the city Novi Sad","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.02.013","article-title":"The combined effects of driver attitudes and in-vehicle feedback on fuel economy","volume":"52","author":"Stillwater","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.01.002","article-title":"The effectiveness of eco-driving training for male professional and non-professional drivers","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coloma, J., Garc\u00eda, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, G., and Monz\u00f3n, A. (2021). Environmental Effects of Eco-Driving on Courier Delivery. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031415"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, M., Coloma, J., and Wang, Y. (2018, January 6\u20138). Eco-Driving in Small Cities Driving Performance in Relation to Driver\u2019s Profile. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Procedia, Univ Oviedo, Ploytechn Sch Engn Gijon, Gijon, Spain.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.102"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.09.740","article-title":"Comparing Effects of Eco-driving Training and Simple Advices on Driving Behavior","volume":"54","author":"Andrieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.11.010","article-title":"Learning eco-driving behaviour in a driving simulator: Contribution of instructional videos and interactive guidance system","volume":"61","author":"Beloufa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3622753","article-title":"Eco-Driving Performance Assessment With in-Car Visual and Haptic Feedback Assistance","volume":"11","author":"Azzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3846\/transport.2020.12365","article-title":"Short-term and long-term impacts of eco-driving on dynamics of driving behavior and operating parameters","volume":"35","author":"Tanackov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.09.003","article-title":"Impacts of delayed feedback on eco-driving behavior and resulting environmental performance changes","volume":"43","author":"Rolim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2083074","article-title":"Developing Eco-Driving Strategies considering City Characteristics","volume":"2020","author":"Coloma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.018","article-title":"Ex-post environmental and traffic assessment of a speed reduction strategy in Madrid\u2019s inner ring-road","volume":"58","author":"Monzon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3141\/2287-20","article-title":"How Public Education on Ecodriving Can Reduce Both Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions","volume":"2287","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.125831","article-title":"Fuel-efficient driving in the context of urban waste-collection: A Spanish case study","volume":"289","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newsome, D., Sanguinetti, A., and Alavosius, M.P. (2021). Bringing Behavior-Analytic Theory to Eco-driving Research: Verbal Rules Mediate the Effectiveness of Feedback for Professional and Civilian Drivers. Behav. Soc. Issues, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42822-020-00045-9"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039650","article-title":"The effects of feedback on energy conservation: A meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Karlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2008.11.004","article-title":"The effects of an acceleration advisory tool in vehicles for reduced fuel consumption and emissions","volume":"14","author":"Larsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.02.010","article-title":"Average impact and important features of onboard eco-driving feedback: A meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.12.008","article-title":"Interface design considerations for an in-vehicle eco-driving assistance system","volume":"58","author":"Jamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1546","article-title":"A binary response method to determine the usability of seven in-vehicle fuel economy displays","volume":"2","author":"Graving","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Society"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.03.030","article-title":"Development of a driving simulator based eco-driving support system","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01-0158","article-title":"Eco-Driving System for Energy Efficient Driving of an Electric Bus","volume":"8","author":"Alfaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars Electron. Electr. Systems"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"47","article-title":"The ECO Pedal","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"People\u2019s Trans."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.04.013","article-title":"The design of an in-vehicle assistance system to support eco-driving","volume":"58","author":"Hibberd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.760750","article-title":"Vibrotactile pedals: Provision of haptic feedback to support economical driving","volume":"56","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2021, July 29). No.1\u2032 Force Feedback Accelerator Pedal. Available online: http:\/\/www.doc88.com\/p9032094169098.html."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietra, A., Rull, M.V., Etzi, R., Gallace, A., Scurati, G.W., Ferrise, F., and Bordegoni, M. (2021). Promoting eco-driving behavior through multisensory stimulation: A preliminary study on the use of visual and haptic feedback in a virtual reality driving simulator. Virtual Real., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00499-1"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2016.2608937","article-title":"Encouraging Eco-Driving with Visual, Auditory, and Vibrotactile Stimuli","volume":"47","author":"McIlroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Systems"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-0494","article-title":"Analyzing Vehicle Fuel Saving Opportunities through Intelligent Driver Feedback","volume":"5","author":"Gonder","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars Electron. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.08.013","article-title":"An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers\u2019 visual behavior and braking performance","volume":"39","author":"Harbluk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.08.012","article-title":"Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support \u2018smart\u2019 driving","volume":"42","author":"Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.03.002","article-title":"The influence of multiple goals on driving behavior: The case of safety, time saving, and fuel saving","volume":"43","author":"Dogan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.07.024","article-title":"Examining the effects of an eco-driving message on driver distraction","volume":"50","author":"Rouzikhah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2011.08.004","article-title":"The impact of smart driving aids on driving performance and driver distraction","volume":"14","author":"Birrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans-Portation Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6547\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:07:54Z","timestamp":1760166474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s21196547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21196547","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}