{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:10Z","timestamp":1760235850562,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61763018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61763018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the 03 Special Project and 5G Program of the Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province","award":["No. 20193ABC03A058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20193ABC03A058"]}]},{"name":"the China Scholarship Council","award":["CSC, No. 201708360150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC, No. 201708360150"]}]},{"name":"the Key Foundation of Education Committee of Jiangxi","award":["No. GJJ170493, No. GJJ190451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GJJ170493, No. GJJ190451"]}]},{"name":"the Program of Qingjiang Excellent Young Talents in Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","award":["JXUSTQJBJ2019004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JXUSTQJBJ2019004"]}]},{"name":"the cultivation project of the State Key Laboratory of Green Development and High-Value Utilization of Ionic Rare-Earth Resources in Jiangxi Province","award":["20194AFD44003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194AFD44003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with antenna arrays have usually been employed for the enhancement of wireless communication in millimeter-wave bands. They are commonly used as aerial base stations and relay platforms in order to serve multiple users. Many beamforming methods for improving communication quality based on channel estimation have been proposed. However, these methods can be resource-intensive due to the complexity of channel estimation in practice. Thus, in this paper, we formulate an MIMO blind beamforming problem at the receivers for UAV-assisted communications in which channel estimation is omitted in order to save communication resources. We introduce one analytical method, which is called the analytical constant modulus algorithm (ACMA), in order to perform blind beamforming at the UAV base station; this relies only on data received by the antenna. The feature of the constant modulus (CM) is employed to restrict the target user signals. Algebraic operations, such as singular value decomposition (SVD), are applied to separate the user signal space from other interferences. The number of users in the region served by the UAV can be detected by exploring information in the measured data. We seek solutions that are expressible as one Kronecker product structure in the signal space; then, the beamformers that correspond to each user can be successfully estimated. The simulation results show that, by using this analytically derived blind method, the system can achieve good signal recovery accuracy, a reasonable system sum rate, and acceptable complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"6561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analytical Blind Beamforming for a Multi-Antenna UAV Base-Station Receiver in Millimeter-Wave Bands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingchuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Street No. 86, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"Magnetic Suspension Technology Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Street No. 86, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuangang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetic Suspension Technology Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Street No. 86, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Street No. 86, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetic Suspension Technology Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Street No. 86, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Street No. 86, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samimi, M.K., MacCartney, G.R., Sun, S., and Rappaport, T.S. 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