{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:51:23Z","timestamp":1771613483294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"]}]},{"name":"Canary Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society (ACIISI) of the Canary Islands Government","award":["ProID2017010067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProID2017010067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inductor-capacitor voltage controlled oscillators (LC-VCOs) are the most common type of oscillator used in sensors systems, such as transceivers for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), VCO-based reading circuits, VCO-based radar sensors, etc. This work presents a technique to reduce the LC-VCOs phase noise using a new current-shaping method based on a feedback injection mechanism with only two additional transistors. This technique consists of keeping the negative resistance seen from LC tank constant throughout the oscillation cycle, achieving a significant phase noise reduction with a very low area increase. To test this method an LC-VCO was designed, fabricated and measured on a wafer using 90 nm CMOS technology with 1.2 V supply voltage. The oscillator outputs were buffered using source followers to provide additional isolation from load variations and to boost the output power. The tank was tuned to 1.8 GHz, comprising two 1.15 nH with 1.5 turns inductors with a quality factor (Q) of 14, a 3.27 pF metal-oxide-metal capacitor, and two varactors. The measured phase noise was \u2212112 dBc\/Hz at 1 MHz offset. Including the pads, the chip area is 750 \u00d7 850 \u03bcm2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1633901869000},"page":"6583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A New Current-Shaping Technique Based on a Feedback Injection Mechanism to Reduce VCO Phase Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"del Pino Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica y Autom\u00e1tica, Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, E-35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil Lalchand","family":"Khemchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica y Autom\u00e1tica, Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, E-35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2917837","article-title":"A 4-GHz Low-Power, Multi-User Approximate Zero-IF FM-UWB Transceiver for IoT","volume":"54","author":"Kopta","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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