{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:33:10Z","timestamp":1772796790225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular burden (the number of deaths) are continuously rising worldwide. Heart disease leads to heart failure (HF) in affected patients. Therefore any additional aid to current medical support systems is crucial for the clinician to forecast the survival status for these patients. The collaborative use of machine learning and IoT devices has become very important in today\u2019s intelligent healthcare systems. This paper presents a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) secured IoT enabled framework entitled Cardiac Diagnostic Feature and Demographic Identification (CDF-DI) systems with significant Models that recognize several Cardiac disease features related to HF. To achieve this goal, we used statistical and machine learning techniques to analyze the Cardiac secondary dataset. The Elevated Serum Creatinine (SC) levels and Serum Sodium (SS) could cause renal problems and are well established in HF patients. The Mann Whitney U test found that SC and SS levels affected the survival status of patients (p &lt; 0.05). Anemia, diabetes, and BP features had no significant impact on the SS and SC level in the patient (p &gt; 0.05). The Cox regression model also found a significant association of age group with the survival status using follow-up months. Furthermore, the present study also proposed important features of Cardiac disease that identified the patient\u2019s survival status, age group, and gender. The most prominent algorithm was the Random Forest (RF) suggesting five key features to determine the survival status of the patient with an accuracy of 96%: Follow-up months, SC, Ejection Fraction (EF), Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), and platelets. Additionally, the RF selected five prominent features (smoking habits, CPK, platelets, follow-up month, and SC) in recognition of gender with an accuracy of 94%. Moreover, the five vital features such as CPK, SC, follow-up month, platelets, and EF were found to be significant predictors for the patient\u2019s age group with an accuracy of 96%. The Kaplan Meier plot revealed that mortality was high in the extremely old age group (\u03c72 (1) = 8.565). The recommended features have possible effects on clinical practice and would be supportive aid to the existing medical support system to identify the possibility of the survival status of the heart patient. The doctor should primarily concentrate on the follow-up month, SC, EF, CPK, and platelet count for the patient\u2019s survival in the situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1633901869000},"page":"6584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cardiac Diagnostic Feature and Demographic Identification (CDF-DI): An IoT Enabled Healthcare Framework Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apex Institute of Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9925-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaman","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media and Educational Informatics, Faculty of Informatics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3392-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sirsa 125077, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7277-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Simona","family":"Raboaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICSI Energy, National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, \u201cStefan cel Mare\u201d University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Ill\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media and Educational Informatics, Faculty of Informatics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-1737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brijesh","family":"Bakariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Application, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar 144603, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34717","article-title":"An IoT framework for heart disease prediction based on MDCNN classifier","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awan, I., Benbernou, S., Younas, M., and Aleksy, M. (2021). Universal Multi-platform Interaction Approach for Distributed Internet of Things. The International Conference on Deep Learning, Big Data and Blockchain (Deep-BDB 2021), Springer. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84337-3"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"9977","article-title":"A novel group decision making model based on neutrosophic sets for heart disease diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Gamal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multimed. 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